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. 2026 Jul 1;14:1873901. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1873901

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Copyright © 2026 Hu, Hu, Luo, Jiang, Zheng, Wang, Wang, Wang and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel of six retinal fundus photographs in three rows labeled A, B, and C, each row displaying two images. Each retina shows branching blood vessels, optic disc, and colored markings highlighting vessel structures. — Fundus images of both eyes and quantitative vascular results for representative participants across the three groups. (A) Healthy control group; (B) Gestational hypertension group; (C) Preeclampsia group. One representative participant was selected from each group to display standardized fundus images of the left and right eyes. Retinal arterial vessels are marked in red, and retinal venous vessels are marked in blue. Microvascular parameters including vascular caliber, arteriovenous ratio (AVR) and other indices were quantitatively measured based on this segmentation result.