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. 2026 Jul 1;14:1873901. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2026.1873901

FIGURE 4.

Twelve violin plots compare ocular vascular and structural parameters among healthy controls, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia groups. Each plot includes labeled axes, box plots within violins, group color codes, and significance values indicating statistical comparisons between groups.

Comparison of retinal microvascular quantitative parameters among Healthy Controls, Gestational Hypertension Group, and Preeclampsia Group. (A) Vascular fractal dimension in the inferior optic disc region; (B) Vascular density within 1.0–1.5 PD region; (C) Vascular density within 5 mm of the fovea centralis; (D) Arterial caliber (μm); (E) Arteriovenous ratio (AVR); (F) Average arterial caliber within 0.5–1.0 PD region; (G) Average venous caliber within 3 mm of the fovea centralis; (H) Venous tortuosity; (I) Average arterial tortuosity within 0.5–1.0 PD region; (J) Average arterial branching angle; (K) Vertical cup-to-disc ratio; (L) Fundus tessellation density. Horizontal lines indicate pairwise between-group comparisons, with Bonferroni-adjusted P-values labeled. The violin plot with embedded box plot displays the interquartile range, and the median is indicated by the central horizontal line.