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. 2026 Jul 1;17:1850228. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1850228

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Copyright © 2026 Qiu, Zhao, Ding, Jiang, Liu, Zuo, Huo, Lv and Ma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram illustrating interactions between a tumor cell, T cell, CAR-T cell, and TAM: M2 phenotype. Arrows and labels describe how antibodies, tumor vaccines, radiotherapy, and targeted inhibitors affect immune cell-tumor cell signaling and tumor progression. — Emerging Immune treatment for thyroid cancer. Strategies such as tumor vaccine therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, ICI combined with TKI/IR/RAI therapies, TAM inhibition therapy, CAR-T therapy, and key cellular and molecular markers are depicted. TAMs promote tumor growth, while suppressed T cells enhance tumor progression. TKI, Tyrosine kinase inhibitors; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; RT, radiotherapy; RAI, radioactive iodine.