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. 2026 May 21;24:914. doi: 10.1186/s12967-026-07859-y

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The inhibitory effects of hMSCs co-culture on CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. (A) Schematic diagram of hMSC and CRC cells co-culture. (B) Representative fluorescence microscopy images showing the time-dependent uptake of hMSC-derived exosomes by HCT116 cells, Scale bars = 20 μm. (C, D and E) CCK8, wound healing, and transwell assays were used to detect the effects of blocking exosome release on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCT116 cells induced by co-culture with hMSCs. Scale bars = 500 μm (D) and 100 μm (E)