Table 1.

Methodological quality of the included studies.

Study	C1†	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8	C9	C10	C11	Score‡ (0–10)
Li et al., 2025	+	+	+	+	−	-	+	+	+	+	+	8
Wei et al., 2025	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4
Zhang et al., 2025	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7
Zhuang et al., 2025	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8
Dos Santos et al., 2024	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	5*
Guo et al., 2024	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5
He et al., 2024	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	6*
He et al., 2024b	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	5*
Heo & Jee, 2024	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Jung et al., 2024	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Liao et al., 2024	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4
Liu et al., 2024	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	7*
Rezaei et al., 2024	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Zhang et al., 2024	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8
Chen et al., 2023	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	7*
Flor-Rufino et al., 2023, 2023b	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	6*
Magtouf et al., 2023	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	6*
Monti et al., 2023	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Valdes-Badilla et al., 2023	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Bernabei et al., 2022	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	6*
Courel-Ibanez et al., 2022	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Han et al., 2022	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Jung et al., 2022	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	6*
Li et al., 2022	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	7*
Nambi et al., 2022	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7*
Souza et al., 2022	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	7*
Wang et al., 2022	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	4
Wei et al., 2022	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Yuenyongchaiwat & Akekawatchai 2022	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	7*
Ghasemikaram et al., 2021	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Lee et al., 2021	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8*
Li et al., 2021	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	5*
Mori & Tokuda 2021	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5
Sen et al., 2021	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	6*
Seo et al., 2021	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Bagheri et al., 2020	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Banitalebi et al., 2020	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	7*
Jeon & Kim 2020	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	6*
Kemmler et al., 2020, 2020b, 2020c, 2020d	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8*
Liang et al., 2020	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	7*
Moghadam et al., 2020	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4
Oh et al., 2020	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7*
Pinheiro et al., 2020	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	5
Freitas et al., 2019	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	6
Jung et al., 2019	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Letieri et al., 2019	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	3*
Lichtenberg et al., 2019	-	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8*
Lu et al., 2019	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	6*
Vezzoli et al., 2019	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Yamada et al., 2019	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	+	+	6*
Zhu et al., 2019	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	5*
Zhu et al., 2019b	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Chen et al., 2018	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4*
Iranzo et al., 2018	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	5*
Liao et al., 2018	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8
Mafi et al., 2018	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Piastra et al., 2018	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	6*
Tsekoura et al., 2018	+	+	+	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	7*
Chen et al., 2017	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	4*
Cunha et al., 2017	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7*
Huang et al., 2017	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7*
Jung et al., 2017	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	4
Liao et al., 2017	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	7*
Park et al., 2017	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Wei et al., 2017, 2017b	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	6*
Gadelha et al., 2016	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Kim et al., 2016	+	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	5*
Vasconcelos et al., 2016	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	+	+	+	8*
Balachandran et al., 2014	+	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	5*
Bellomo et al., 2013	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	4*
Kim et al., 2013	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7*
Kim et al., 2012	+	+	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	+	7*

^†: Item not included in the scoring; ‡ Overall mean (SD): 5.71 (1.72); + : Criterion met; -: Criterion not met; C1: eligibility criteria were specified; C2: subjects were randomly allocated to groups; C3: allocation was concealed; C4: the groups were similar at baseline regarding the most important prognostic indicators; C5: there was blinding of all subjects; C6: there was blinding of all therapists who administered the therapy; C7: there was blinding of all assessors who measured at least one key outcome; C8: measures of at least one key outcome were obtained from more than 85% of the subjects initially allocated to groups; C9: all subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated or, where this was not the case, data for at least one key outcome was analysed by “intention to treat”; C10: the results of between-group statistical comparisons are reported for at least one key outcome; C11: the study provides both point measures and measures of variability for at least one key outcome; *: Item scored according to the assessment available in the PEDro database.