Table 3.
Subgroup analyses.
| Subgroup | Number of studies | Number of participants | Effect size (95% CI) | p | Q statistic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise vs. control for skeletal muscle mass | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 21 | 1053 | 0.45 (0.22, 0.67) | 0.0001 |
Q = 3.86 df = 3 p = 0.28 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 7 | 290 | 0.35 (0.11, 0.58) | 0.004 | |
| Whole-body vibration | 2 | 95 | -0.01 (-0.42, 0.39) | 0.94 | |
| Resistance exercise plus other interventionsa | 11 | 622 | 0.38 (0.04, 0.71) | 0.03 | |
| Exercise vs. control for muscle strength | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 21 | 951 | 0.96 (0.69, 1.22) | < 0.00001 |
Q = 20.46 df = 3 p = 0.0001 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 6 | 319 | 0.43 (0.20, 0.65) | 0.0002 | |
| Whole-body vibration | 2 | 119 | -0.06 (-0.43, 0.31) | 0.75 | |
| Resistance exercise plus other interventionsa | 12 | 661 | 0.54 (0.22, 0.85) | 0.001 | |
| Exercise vs. control for physical performance | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 13 | 424 | 0.60 (0.14, 1.06) | 0.01 |
Q = 1.72 df = 3 p = 0.63 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 7 | 427 | 0.68(0.30, 1.07) | 0.0005 | |
| Whole-body vibration | 1 | 80 | 0.33 (-0.18, 0.84) | 0.20 | |
| Resistance exercise plus other interventionsa | 9 | 505 | 0.37 (-0.09, 0.83) | 0.11 | |
| Exercise plus supplementation vs. supplementation alone for skeletal muscle mass | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 11 | 506 | 1.00 (0.49, 1.52) | 0.0001 |
Q = 9.12 df = 2 p = 0.01 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 2 | 129 | 0.32 (-0.03, 0.67) | 0.07 | |
| Resistance Exercise plus Aerobic | 3 | 268 | 0.11 (-0.16, 0.38) | 0.43 | |
| Exercise plus supplementation vs. supplementation alone for muscle strength | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 10 | 470 | 1.31 (0.69, 1.93) | < 0.0001 |
Q = 16.25 df = 2 p = 0.0003 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 2 | 129 | 0.43 (0.08, 0.78) | 0.02 | |
| Resistance Exercise plus Aerobic | 3 | 268 | -0.21 (-0.63, 0.21) | 0.33 | |
| Exercise plus supplementation vs. supplementation alone for physical performance | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 6 | 254 | 0.08 (-0.40, 0.57) | 0.74 |
Q = 3.38 df = 2 p = 0.18 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 2 | 129 | 0.41 (0.06, 0.76) | 0.02 | |
| Resistance Exercise plus Aerobic | 2 | 169 | -0.02 (-0.32, 0.28) | 0.89 | |
| Exercise vs. supplementation for skeletal muscle mass | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 5 | 259 | -0.04 (-0.41, 0.33) | 0.84 |
Q = 22.61 df = 2 p < 0.0001 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 2 | 132 | 0.73 (0.37, 1.08) | < 0.0001 | |
| Resistance Exercise plus Aerobic | 3 | 255 | -0.32 (-0.57, -0.07) | 0.01 | |
| Exercise vs. supplementation for muscle strength | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 5 | 259 | -0.04 (-0.29, 0.20) | 0.74 |
Q = 2.59 df = 2 p = 0.27 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 2 | 132 | 0.24 (-0.10, 0.59) | 0.16 | |
| Resistance Exercise plus Aerobic | 3 | 255 | -0.09 (-0.34, 0.15) | 0.46 | |
| Exercise vs. supplementation for physical performance | |||||
| Resistance exercise | 4 | 170 | 0.05 (-0.54, 0.65) | 0.86 |
Q = 8.09 df = 2 p = 0.02 |
| Multicomponent exercise | 2 | 132 | 0.72 (0.37, 1.07) | < 0.0001 | |
| Resistance Exercise plus Aerobic | 2 | 167 | -0.17 (-0.77, 0.42) | 0.56 | |
a.Aerobic exercise, Tai Chi, and postural exercise.