Table 2.

Apical anatomical parameters according to canal type

Parameter	Canal type	n	Mean ± SD	Median [IQR]	Min–Max	ANOVA p-value
Apex-to-foramen distance (mm)	Distal	50	0.64 ± 0.42	0.70 [0.50]	0.10–1.30	0.040
	Mesiobuccal	50	0.44 ± 0.15	0.40 [0.20]	0.30–0.70
	Mesiolingual	50	0.62 ± 0.59	0.20 [0.80]	0.10–1.60
Apical canal diameter (mm)	Distalᵃ	50	0.74 ± 0.30	0.80 [0.30]	0.20–1.00	< 0.001
	Mesiobuccalᵇ	50	0.56 ± 0.22	0.69 [0.40]	0.30–0.80
	Mesiolingualᵇ	50	0.59 ± 0.15	0.60 [0.25]	0.40–0.80
Roundness	Distal	50	0.45 ± 0.25	0.40 [0.36]	0.10–0.80	0.079
	Mesiobuccal	50	0.52 ± 0.08	0.50 [0.10]	0.40–0.60
	Mesiolingual	50	0.46 ± 0.10	0.50 [0.10]	0.30–0.60

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], and range. p-values were calculated using one-way ANOVA. Different superscript letters indicate statistically significant pairwise differences according to Tukey HSD post-hoc test (p < 0.05). For distance from apex, the overall ANOVA was significant, but Tukey post-hoc comparisons showed no significant pairwise differences