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. 2026 Jul 3;13:1835652. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1835652

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© 2026 Song, Wang, Jia and Pei.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart comparing risk of bias and applicability concerns across four domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard, and flow and timing. Green indicates low, red high, and yellow unclear. Patient selection has about fifty percent high risk of bias; index test shows about twenty percent high applicability concern. All other categories are low risk or concern. Chart includes a legend for color coding. — Summary of QUANDAS-2 risk of bias assessments for included original studies.