Table 2.
Basic characteristics of original studies included in this systematic review.
| No. | First Author | Year of publication | Author country | Patient source | Control disease | Number of cardiac amyloidosis cases | Total number of cases | Generation methods of validation set | Model type | Modeling images | Whether to be compared with clinicians |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Zhang X (17) | 2023 | China | Single center | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Uremic cardiomyopathy; Hypertensive heart disease | P:50 | P:289 | Random sampling | LR/RF/SVM/GBDT | echocardiography | No |
| 2 | Zhang J (18) | 2018 | USA | Registry database | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension | I:804 | I:14,035 | External validation | DL | echocardiography | No |
| 3 | Yue X (19) | 2022 | China | Single center | Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and healthy controls. | P:38 | P:71 | LR | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance | No | |
| 4 | Zhou XY (20) | 2022 | China | Multi-center | unclear | P:110 | P:200 | Random sampling, External validation | XGBoost | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance | No |
| 5 | Schrutka L (21) | 2021 | Austria | Registry database | Heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | I:271 | I:382 | KNN | Electrocardiogram | Yes | |
| 6 | Lo Iacono F (22) | 2023 | Italy | Single center | Aortic stenosis | P:15 | P:30 | Cross-validation | KNN/SVM/DT/LR/GBM | CCT/CT | No |
| 7 | Huang S (23) | 2022 | China | Single center | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) | P:100 | P:317 | Random sampling | RF | No | |
| 8 | Haimovich JS (24) | 2023 | USA | Multi-center | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | P:304 | P:50,709 | External validation | DL | Electrocardiogram | No |
| 9 | Goto S (25) | 2021 | USA | Registry database | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; hypertension | P:3,026 | P:12,878 | External validation | DL | Electrocardiogram and echocardiography | No |
| 10 | Germain P (26) | 2022 | France | Single center | Left ventricular hypertrophy | P:119 | P:241 | Random sampling | DL | Cardiac magnetic resonance | No |
| 11 | Germain P (27) | 2023 | France | Single center | AL/CMR | P:70 | P:120 | Cross-validation | DL | MRI | No |
| 12 | Eckstein J (28) | 2022 | Germany | Single center | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | P:43 | P:63 | DT/KNN/SVM/RBF | MRI | No | |
| 13 | Diao K (29) | 2023 | China | Multi-center | HCM or HHD | P:69 | P:355 | External validation | DL | MRI | No |
| 14 | Delbarre MA (30) | 2023 | France | Multi-center | I:383 | I:4,681 | External validation | DL | Whole body bone scintillation imaging | No | |
| 15 | Cuddy SA (31) | 2022 | USA | Multi-center | ATTR-CA | P:324 | P:598 | External validation | LR | echocardiography | No |
| 16 | Barbieri A (32) | 2023 | Italy | Single center | Healthy people, HCM patients, isolated hypertension | P:10 | P:187 | LR | No | ||
| 17 | Arvanitis M (33) | 2017 | USA | Multi-center | Heart failure | P:27 | P:77 | External validation | LR | No | |
| 18 | Arana-Achaga X (34) | 2023 | Spain | Multi-center | Hypertensive cardiomyopathy, AS | P:108 | P:227 | External validation | LR | No | |
| 19 | Antonopoulos AS (35) | 2021 | Greece | Registry database | Left ventricular hypertrophy | P:28 | P:152 | Random sampling | LR | Cardiac magnetic resonance | No |
| 20 | Martini N (36) | 2020 | Italy | Single center | Monoclonal γ disease or unexplained increase in left ventricular wall thickness on echocardiography | P:107 | P:206 | Random sampling | DL | Cardiovascular magnetic resonance | No |
| 21 | Tsang C (37) | 2023 | UK | Registry database | Heart failure | P:15,008 | Random sampling | Yes | |||
| 22 | Zuppo Laper I (38) | 2024 | Brazil | Registry database | P:1,483 | P:1,506,361 | LR/SVM/XGBoost/RF | No | |||
| 23 | Bargagna F (39) | 2025 | Italy | Registry database | CA; AL-CA; ATTR-CA | AL-CA:13 ATTR-CA:15 | I:47 | K-fold validation | DL | PET | No |
| 24 | Slivnick JA (40) | 2025 | UK | Registry database | CA | P:1,359 | P:2,612 | External validation | DL | Echocardiography | No |
| 25 | Tohyama T (41) | 2025 | Japan | Single center | CA | P:76 | P:90 | DL | HE image | No | |
| 26 | Chang RS (42) | 2024 | USA | Single center | CA | P:231 | P:636 | Random sampling | RF | Echocardiography | No |
| 27 | Hong Z (43) | 2025 | China | Registry database | CA; AL-CA; ATTR-CA | AL(n = 12) ATTR(n = 15) | P:50 | External validation | LR | PET/CT | No |
| 28 | Vrudhula A (44) | 2024 | USA | Registry database | CA | P: 990 I: 10,042 | P: 341,989 I: 1,344,372 | Random sampling | DL | ECG | No |
| 29 | Hourmozdi J (45) | 2025 | USA | Registry database | ATTR-CA | P:176 | P:3,368 | External validation | RF/LR/DL | No | |
| 30 | Pan Y (46) | 2024 | China | Registry database | CA | P:261 | P:6,563 | Random sampling | LR/RF/XGBoost | No |
(1) In the model type, RF, random forest; SVM, support vector machine; GBDT, gradient boosting decision tree; KNN, K-nearest neighbors; DL, deep learning. (2) In the modeling images, CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance. (3) In the total number of cases, P, the number of patients, I, the number of images.