Table 2.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and household profile, PMC-E evaluation study, target districts, May 2025 (N = 403: exposed = 205, non-exposed = 198)
| Variables | Exposed (n = 205) | Non-exposed (n = 198) | Total (N = 403) | Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | ||||
| Dasenech (South Omo) | 55 (26.8%) | 48 (24.2%) | 103 (25.6%) | χ² = 0.04, p = 0.84 |
| Mareko Special Woreda | 50 (24.4%) | 50 (25.3%) | 100 (24.8%) | |
| Essera (Dawro Zone) | 50 (24.4%) | 50 (25.3%) | 100 (24.8%) | |
| Dalucha (Silte Zone) | 50 (24.4%) | 50 (25.3%) | 100 (24.8%) | |
| Residence/Kebele | ||||
| Urban | 178 (86.8%) | 170 (85.9%) | 348 (86.4%) | χ² = 0.36, p = 0.55 |
| Semi-urban town | 27 (13.2%) | 28 (14.1%) | 55 (13.6%) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 149 (72.7%) | 145 (73.2%) | 294 (72.9%) | χ² = 0.01, p = 0.92 |
| Male | 53 (25.9%) | 52 (26.3%) | 105 (26.1%) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 156 (76.1%) | 153 (77.3%) | 309 (76.7%) | χ² = 0.09, p = 0.99 |
| Single | 25 (12.2%) | 24 (12.1%) | 49 (12.2%) | |
| Widowed | 10 (4.9%) | 10 (5.1%) | 20 (5.0%) | |
| Divorced | 11 (5.4%) | 11 (5.6%) | 22 (5.5%) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | 97 (47.3%) | 95 (48.0%) | 192 (47.6%) | χ² = 0.04, p = 0.99 |
| Muslim | 66 (32.2%) | 65 (32.8%) | 131 (32.5%) | |
| Protestant | 38 (18.5%) | 37 (18.7%) | 75 (18.6%) | |
| Other (Traditional) | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | 24 (11.7%) | 23 (11.6%) | 47 (11.7%) | χ² = 0.03, p = 1.00 |
| Able to read/write | 26 (12.7%) | 25 (12.6%) | 51 (12.7%) | |
| Primary (1–8) | 54 (26.3%) | 52 (26.3%) | 106 (26.3%) | |
| Secondary (9–12) | 41 (20.0%) | 40 (20.2%) | 81 (20.1%) | |
| Tertiary (certificate > 12) | 15 (7.3%) | 14 (7.1%) | 29 (7.2%) | |
| Tertiary (college diploma) | 17 (8.3%) | 17 (8.6%) | 34 (8.4%) | |
| Tertiary (bachelor’s degree or higher) | 26 (12.7%) | 25 (12.6%) | 51 (12.7%) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Housewife | 69 (33.7%) | 68 (34.3%) | 137 (34.0%) | χ² = 0.02, p = 0.99 |
| Merchant/private business | 50 (24.4%) | 48 (24.2%) | 98 (24.3%) | |
| Government employee | 44 (21.5%) | 43 (21.7%) | 87 (21.6%) | |
| Student | 15 (7.3%) | 15 (7.6%) | 30 (7.4%) | |
| Farmer | 14 (6.8%) | 14 (7.1%) | 28 (6.9%) | |
| Daily laborer | 5 (2.4%) | 4 (2.0%) | 9 (2.2%) | |
| Other | 5 (2.4%) | 4 (2.0%) | 9 (2.2%) | |
| Spouse/HH head education | ||||
| No formal education | 20 (9.8%) | 20 (10.1%) | 40 (9.9%) | χ² = 0.01, p = 1.00 |
| Able to read/write | 22 (10.7%) | 22 (11.1%) | 44 (10.9%) | |
| Primary (1–8) | 39 (19.0%) | 38 (19.2%) | 77 (19.1%) | |
| Secondary (9–12) | 33 (16.1%) | 32 (16.2%) | 65 (16.1%) | |
| Tertiary (certificate > 12) | 13 (6.3%) | 12 (6.1%) | 25 (6.2%) | |
| Tertiary (college diploma) | 23 (11.2%) | 22 (11.1%) | 45 (11.2%) | |
| Tertiary (bachelor’s degree or higher) | 31 (15.1%) | 30 (15.2%) | 61 (15.1%) | |
| Not applicable | 14 (6.8%) | 14 (7.1%) | 28 (6.9%) | |
| Spouse/HH head occupation | ||||
| Merchant/private business | 54 (26.3%) | 53 (26.8%) | 107 (26.6%) | χ² = 0.01, p = 0.99 |
| Government employee | 53 (25.9%) | 52 (26.3%) | 105 (26.1%) | |
| Farmer | 35 (17.1%) | 34 (17.2%) | 69 (17.1%) | |
| Housewife | 27 (13.2%) | 26 (13.1%) | 53 (13.2%) | |
| Daily laborer | 6 (2.9%) | 6 (3.0%) | 12 (3.0%) | |
| Other | 5 (2.4%) | 4 (2.0%) | 9 (2.2%) | |
| Not applicable | 14 (6.8%) | 14 (7.1%) | 28 (6.9%) | |
| Wealth Index | ||||
| Poor | 113 (55.1%) | 111 (56.1%) | 224 (55.6%) | χ² = 0.05, p = 0.98 |
| Medium | 46 (22.4%) | 45 (22.7%) | 91 (22.6%) | |
| Rich | 43 (21.0%) | 42 (21.2%) | 85 (21.1%) | |
| HH Profile (Mean ± SD) | ||||
| Household size | 5.69 ± 1.74 | 5.91 ± 1.93 | 5.88 ± 1.80 | - |
| Male children | 2.13 ± 1.21 | 2.15 ± 1.49 | 2.14 ± 1.44 | - |
| Female children | 2.25 ± 1.09 | 2.23 ± 1.19 | 2.24 ± 1.15 | - |
| Teenage girls (10–17 years) | 0.95 ± 0.73 | 0.93 ± 0.66 | 0.94 ± 0.68 | - |
| Membership in social groups | ||||
| Idir | 187 (91.2%) | 183 (92.4%) | 370 (91.8%) | χ² = 0.21, p = 0.65 |
| Savings and loan group | 137 (66.8%) | 134 (67.7%) | 271 (67.2%) | χ² = 0.04, p = 0.84 |
| WDA/HDA | 49 (23.9%) | 48 (24.2%) | 97 (24.1%) | χ² = 0.01, p = 0.93 |
| Women’s income group | 40 (19.5%) | 39 (19.7%) | 79 (19.6%) | χ² = 0.00, p = 0.96 |
| Senbetie/mahber/debo | 33 (16.1%) | 32 (16.2%) | 65 (16.1%) | χ² = 0.00, p = 0.99 |
| Women’s militia group | 22 (10.7%) | 22 (11.1%) | 44 (10.9%) | χ² = 0.01, p = 0.91 |
| Model family | 18 (8.8%) | 18 (9.1%) | 36 (8.9%) | χ² = 0.01, p = 0.92 |
| Adolescent group | 8 (3.9%) | 7 (3.5%) | 15 (3.7%) | χ² = 0.04, p = 0.84 |
Abbreviations: HDA Health Development Army, HH Household, SD Standard deviation, WDA Women’s Development Army