Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics in the MIMIC-IV cohort stratified by GNRI quartiles.
| Variable | [Median (IQR)] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Q1 GNRI < 90.31 | Q2 90.31 ≤ GNRI < 100.23 | Q3 100.23 ≤ GNRI < 111.28 | Q4 GNRI ≥ 111.28 | p | |
| n = 4,564 | n = 1,140 | n = 1,141 | n = 1,142 | n = 1,141 | ||
| Age, ys | 74.00 [66.00, 82.00] | 77.00 [69.00, 85.00] | 75.00 [67.00, 83.00] | 74.00 [67.00, 81.75] | 71.00 [63.00, 78.00] | <0.001 |
| Gender (%) | 0.003 | |||||
| Female | 1,653 (36.2) | 447 (39.2) | 385 (33.7) | 381 (33.4) | 440 (38.6) | |
| Male | 2,911 (63.8) | 693 (60.8) | 756 (66.3) | 761 (66.6) | 701 (61.4) | |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Asian | 94 (2.1) | 44 (3.9) | 32 (2.8) | 13 (1.1) | 5 (0.4) | |
| Black | 201 (4.4) | 51 (4.5) | 51 (4.5) | 42 (3.7) | 57 (5.0) | |
| Hispanic | 93 (2.0) | 17 (1.5) | 27 (2.4) | 25 (2.2) | 24 (2.1) | |
| Other/unknown | 876 (19.2) | 214 (18.8) | 204 (17.9) | 229 (20.1) | 229 (20.1) | |
| White | 3,300 (72.3) | 814 (71.4) | 827 (72.5) | 833 (72.9) | 826 (72.4) | |
| Years admitted (%) | 0.049 | |||||
| 2008–2019 | 3,504 (76.8) | 902 (79.1) | 847 (74.2) | 882 (77.2) | 873 (76.5) | |
| 2020–2022 | 1,060 (23.2) | 238 (20.9) | 294 (25.8) | 260 (22.8) | 268 (23.5) | |
| Obesity (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 2,722 (59.6) | 1,066 (93.5) | 908 (79.6) | 604 (52.9) | 144 (12.6) | |
| Yes | 1,842 (40.4) | 74 (6.5) | 233 (20.4) | 538 (47.1) | 997 (87.4) | |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 81.46 [73.92, 92.13] | 81.31 [73.41, 92.75] | 81.30 [73.42, 92.06] | 80.90 [74.08, 91.11] | 82.10 [75.12, 92.52] | 0.375 |
| Mean artery pressure, mm Hg | 76.19 [70.08, 80.25] | 76.19 [69.74, 80.72] | 76.19 [70.14, 80.33] | 76.19 [70.15, 79.94] | 76.19 [70.47, 80.00] | 0.873 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 18.46 [16.40, 21.00] | 18.38 [16.21, 21.00] | 18.24 [16.28, 20.79] | 18.48 [16.38, 20.98] | 18.79 [16.81, 21.19] | 0.002 |
| SpO2 level, % | 97.34 [95.94, 98.48] | 97.59 [96.14, 98.63] | 97.40 [96.09, 98.62] | 97.38 [95.86, 98.44] | 97.01 [95.71, 98.25] | <0.001 |
| Temperature, °C | 36.69 [36.59, 36.92] | 36.69 [36.55, 36.91] | 36.69 [36.57, 36.89] | 36.69 [36.61, 36.90] | 36.69 [36.63, 36.96] | <0.001 |
| ICU types (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Cardiovascular ICU | 2029 (44.5) | 417 (36.6) | 527 (46.2) | 546 (47.8) | 539 (47.2) | |
| Coronary care unit | 750 (16.4) | 205 (18.0) | 195 (17.1) | 190 (16.6) | 160 (14.0) | |
| Medical ICU | 569 (12.5) | 157 (13.8) | 130 (11.4) | 130 (11.4) | 152 (13.3) | |
| Other | 118 (2.6) | 42 (3.7) | 20 (1.8) | 31 (2.7) | 25 (2.2) | |
| Surgical ICU | 1,098 (24.1) | 319 (28.0) | 269 (23.6) | 245 (21.5) | 265 (23.2) | |
| SOFA score | 5.00 [3.00, 8.00] | 5.00 [3.00, 7.00] | 5.00 [3.00, 7.00] | 5.00 [3.00, 8.00] | 5.00 [3.00, 8.00] | 0.008 |
| Charlson index | 5.00 [4.00, 7.00] | 6.00 [4.00, 8.00] | 5.00 [4.00, 7.00] | 6.00 [4.00, 8.00] | 5.00 [4.00, 7.00] | <0.001 |
| APS III score | 42.00 [31.00, 58.00] | 43.50 [33.00, 58.00] | 41.00 [31.00, 56.00] | 42.00 [31.00, 58.00] | 42.00 [31.00, 58.00] | 0.087 |
| Life support measures (%) | ||||||
| CRRT | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 4,273 (93.6) | 1,093 (95.9) | 1,075 (94.2) | 1,064 (93.2) | 1,041 (91.2) | |
| Yes | 291 (6.4) | 47 (4.1) | 66 (5.8) | 78 (6.8) | 100 (8.8) | |
| Ventilation | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 482 (10.6) | 164 (14.4) | 125 (11.0) | 97 (8.5) | 96 (8.4) | |
| Yes | 4,082 (89.4) | 976 (85.6) | 1,016 (89.0) | 1,045 (91.5) | 1,045 (91.6) | |
| Vasopressor | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 1,309 (28.7) | 394 (34.6) | 322 (28.2) | 309 (27.1) | 284 (24.9) | |
| Yes | 3,255 (71.3) | 746 (65.4) | 819 (71.8) | 833 (72.9) | 857 (75.1) | |
| Cardiac surgery (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,006 (65.9) | 840 (73.7) | 736 (64.5) | 712 (62.3) | 718 (62.9) | |
| Yes | 1,558 (34.1) | 300 (26.3) | 405 (35.5) | 430 (37.7) | 423 (37.1) | |
| Comorbidity (%) | ||||||
| Sepsis | 0.439 | |||||
| No | 1852 (40.6) | 453 (39.7) | 485 (42.5) | 464 (40.6) | 450 (39.4) | |
| Yes | 2,712 (59.4) | 687 (60.3) | 656 (57.5) | 678 (59.4) | 691 (60.6) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.714 | |||||
| No | 655 (14.4) | 164 (14.4) | 159 (13.9) | 175 (15.3) | 157 (13.8) | |
| Yes | 3,909 (85.6) | 976 (85.6) | 982 (86.1) | 967 (84.7) | 984 (86.2) | |
| Chronic liver disease | 0.449 | |||||
| No | 4,381 (96.0) | 1,098 (96.3) | 1,101 (96.5) | 1,095 (95.9) | 1,087 (95.3) | |
| Yes | 183 (4.0) | 42 (3.7) | 40 (3.5) | 47 (4.1) | 54 (4.7) | |
| Chronic neurologic disease | 0.372 | |||||
| No | 4,061 (89.0) | 999 (87.6) | 1,017 (89.1) | 1,026 (89.8) | 1,019 (89.3) | |
| Yes | 503 (11.0) | 141 (12.4) | 124 (10.9) | 116 (10.2) | 122 (10.7) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.015 | |||||
| No | 3,105 (68.0) | 734 (64.4) | 804 (70.5) | 787 (68.9) | 780 (68.4) | |
| Yes | 1,459 (32.0) | 406 (35.6) | 337 (29.5) | 355 (31.1) | 361 (31.6) | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,021 (66.2) | 861 (75.5) | 797 (69.9) | 746 (65.3) | 617 (54.1) | |
| Yes | 1,543 (33.8) | 279 (24.5) | 344 (30.1) | 396 (34.7) | 524 (45.9) | |
| Cancer | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,720 (81.5) | 909 (79.7) | 908 (79.6) | 916 (80.2) | 987 (86.5) | |
| Yes | 844 (18.5) | 231 (20.3) | 233 (20.4) | 226 (19.8) | 154 (13.5) | |
| CKD | 0.03 | |||||
| No | 3,443 (75.4) | 871 (76.4) | 891 (78.1) | 842 (73.7) | 839 (73.5) | |
| Yes | 1,121 (24.6) | 269 (23.6) | 250 (21.9) | 300 (26.3) | 302 (26.5) | |
| New-onset AF | 0.009 | |||||
| No | 1,128 (24.7) | 317 (27.8) | 293 (25.7) | 263 (23.0) | 255 (22.3) | |
| Yes | 3,436 (75.3) | 823 (72.2) | 848 (74.3) | 879 (77.0) | 886 (77.7) | |
| Medications (%) | ||||||
| Diuretic | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 982 (21.5) | 320 (28.1) | 249 (21.8) | 226 (19.8) | 187 (16.4) | |
| Yes | 3,582 (78.5) | 820 (71.9) | 892 (78.2) | 916 (80.2) | 954 (83.6) | |
| Insulin | 0.048 | |||||
| No | 2,870 (62.9) | 682 (59.8) | 714 (62.6) | 729 (63.8) | 745 (65.3) | |
| Yes | 1,694 (37.1) | 458 (40.2) | 427 (37.4) | 413 (36.2) | 396 (34.7) | |
| Acetaminophen | 0.448 | |||||
| No | 2,811 (61.6) | 687 (60.3) | 720 (63.1) | 712 (62.3) | 692 (60.6) | |
| Yes | 1753 (38.4) | 453 (39.7) | 421 (36.9) | 430 (37.7) | 449 (39.4) | |
| AF interventions | ||||||
| Rate control medication | 0.083 | |||||
| No | 726 (15.9) | 203 (17.8) | 188 (16.5) | 175 (15.3) | 160 (14.0) | |
| Yes | 3,838 (84.1) | 937 (82.2) | 953 (83.5) | 967 (84.7) | 981 (86.0) | |
| Rhythm control medication | 0.002 | |||||
| No | 525 (11.5) | 161 (14.1) | 139 (12.2) | 111 (9.7) | 114 (10.0) | |
| Yes | 4,039 (88.5) | 979 (85.9) | 1,002 (87.8) | 1,031 (90.3) | 1,027 (90.0) | |
| Cardioversion | 0.351 | |||||
| No | 4,380 (96.0) | 1,102 (96.7) | 1,092 (95.7) | 1,088 (95.3) | 1,098 (96.2) | |
| Yes | 184 (4.0) | 38 (3.3) | 49 (4.3) | 54 (4.7) | 43 (3.8) | |
| Dexmedetomidine | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 3,548 (77.7) | 929 (81.5) | 911 (79.8) | 891 (78.0) | 817 (71.6) | |
| Yes | 1,016 (22.3) | 211 (18.5) | 230 (20.2) | 251 (22.0) | 324 (28.4) | |
| Statins | 0.04 | |||||
| No | 3,995 (87.5) | 1,024 (89.8) | 981 (86.0) | 994 (87.0) | 996 (87.3) | |
| Yes | 569 (12.5) | 116 (10.2) | 160 (14.0) | 148 (13.0) | 145 (12.7) | |
| Phosphorus | 0.543 | |||||
| No | 3,039 (66.6) | 745 (65.4) | 759 (66.5) | 757 (66.3) | 778 (68.2) | |
| Yes | 1,525 (33.4) | 395 (34.6) | 382 (33.5) | 385 (33.7) | 363 (31.8) | |
| Magnesium sulfate | 0.004 | |||||
| No | 537 (11.8) | 164 (14.4) | 141 (12.4) | 115 (10.1) | 117 (10.3) | |
| Yes | 4,027 (88.2) | 976 (85.6) | 1,000 (87.6) | 1,027 (89.9) | 1,024 (89.7) | |
| Potassium | 0.041 | |||||
| No | 404 (8.9) | 123 (10.8) | 102 (8.9) | 91 (8.0) | 88 (7.7) | |
| Yes | 4,160 (91.1) | 1,017 (89.2) | 1,039 (91.1) | 1,051 (92.0) | 1,053 (92.3) | |
| Calcium | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 963 (21.1) | 288 (25.3) | 241 (21.1) | 210 (18.4) | 224 (19.6) | |
| Yes | 3,601 (78.9) | 852 (74.7) | 900 (78.9) | 932 (81.6) | 917 (80.4) | |
| Iron | 0.693 | |||||
| No | 4,220 (92.5) | 1,052 (92.3) | 1,053 (92.3) | 1,065 (93.3) | 1,050 (92.0) | |
| Yes | 344 (7.5) | 88 (7.7) | 88 (7.7) | 77 (6.7) | 91 (8.0) | |
| Laboratory tests | ||||||
| GNRI | 100.23 [90.31, 111.27] | 83.79 [78.78, 87.36] | 95.57 [92.93, 97.80] | 105.27 [102.57, 108.13] | 119.64 [114.88, 127.26] | <0.001 |
| White blood cell count, /μL | 11.93 [8.90, 15.40] | 11.24 [8.40, 14.70] | 11.53 [8.45, 14.77] | 12.30 [9.43, 15.62] | 12.67 [9.37, 16.50] | <0.001 |
| Platelet count, ×103/μL | 165.67 [127.19, 216.00] | 169.00 [123.29, 220.00] | 161.33 [123.33, 208.50] | 162.08 [126.50, 210.92] | 174.33 [135.50, 220.50] | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin level, g/dL | 10.10 [8.80, 11.70] | 10.10 [8.80, 11.60] | 10.10 [8.90, 11.70] | 10.10 [8.70, 11.70] | 10.20 [8.80, 11.80] | 0.551 |
| PH | 7.37 [7.35, 7.40] | 7.37 [7.36, 7.41] | 7.37 [7.35, 7.40] | 7.37 [7.35, 7.40] | 7.37 [7.34, 7.40] | <0.001 |
| pCO2 level, mm Hg | 41.54 [38.33, 43.19] | 41.54 [37.00, 42.00] | 41.54 [37.88, 42.50] | 41.54 [38.44, 43.17] | 41.54 [39.50, 45.00] | <0.001 |
| pO2 level, mm Hg | 176.23 [116.00, 230.00] | 176.23 [112.25, 233.63] | 176.23 [128.00, 233.30] | 176.23 [118.21, 233.25] | 176.23 [107.67, 221.33] | 0.001 |
| Lactate level, mg/dL | 2.14 [1.53, 2.30] | 2.20 [1.55, 2.27] | 2.13 [1.55, 2.30] | 2.13 [1.50, 2.31] | 2.08 [1.50, 2.35] | 0.871 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.10 [2.70, 3.50] | 2.50 [2.20, 2.80] | 3.00 [2.70, 3.40] | 3.30 [3.00, 3.70] | 3.60 [3.20, 4.00] | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 31.00 [16.00, 84.00] | 32.00 [16.00, 88.00] | 30.00 [16.00, 86.00] | 31.00 [16.00, 88.00] | 30.00 [17.00, 78.00] | 0.563 |
| AST, U/L | 43.00 [23.00, 124.00] | 46.00 [25.00, 134.25] | 41.00 [23.00, 115.00] | 43.00 [24.00, 123.50] | 41.00 [22.00, 123.00] | 0.036 |
| Sodium level, mEq/L | 138.33 [136.00, 140.50] | 138.50 [136.00, 141.00] | 138.00 [136.00, 140.33] | 138.33 [136.00, 140.40] | 138.50 [136.00, 140.67] | 0.18 |
| Creatinine level, mg/dL | 1.00 [0.80, 1.50] | 1.00 [0.80, 1.50] | 1.00 [0.80, 1.40] | 1.00 [0.80, 1.50] | 1.00 [0.80, 1.50] | 0.011 |
| Ureanitrogen level, mg/dL | 20.00 [15.00, 32.00] | 21.00 [15.00, 34.00] | 20.00 [14.00, 30.00] | 20.00 [15.00, 31.00] | 21.00 [15.00, 33.00] | 0.142 |
| Potassium level, mEq/L | 4.29 [3.95, 4.60] | 4.22 [3.90, 4.55] | 4.25 [3.93, 4.60] | 4.30 [4.00, 4.63] | 4.30 [4.00, 4.63] | <0.001 |
| Calcium level, mg/dL | 8.35 [8.00, 8.65] | 8.35 [8.00, 8.65] | 8.35 [8.00, 8.63] | 8.35 [8.07, 8.67] | 8.35 [8.00, 8.65] | 0.621 |
| Chloride level, mEq/L | 105.33 [101.50, 108.33] | 105.50 [101.47, 108.50] | 105.50 [101.67, 108.50] | 105.31 [101.67, 108.31] | 105.00 [101.00, 108.00] | 0.037 |
| Glucose level, mg/dL | 126.16 [108.00, 150.54] | 124.00 [105.67, 146.08] | 123.67 [106.00, 148.00] | 126.59 [109.00, 149.88] | 131.00 [111.00, 159.50] | <0.001 |
| Magnesium level, mEq/L | 2.10 [1.90, 2.50] | 2.10 [1.80, 2.40] | 2.10 [1.90, 2.40] | 2.10 [1.90, 2.50] | 2.19 [1.90, 2.50] | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus level, mEq/L | 3.77 [3.10, 4.10] | 3.70 [3.10, 4.10] | 3.75 [3.10, 4.00] | 3.77 [3.15, 4.05] | 3.77 [3.20, 4.20] | 0.001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR). Categorical variables are expressed as count (proportion). P values were generated via one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis H test, or Chi-square test to assess variable differences between GNRI quartile groups. GNRI, Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index; APS III, Acute Physiology Score III; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; AF, atrial fibrillation; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.