Table 3.

Description of gamification elements and frequency statistics.

Element	Frequency	Description
Feedback	85.71%	Provides goal progress (e.g., text, audio cues) to enhance participants’ awareness of their actions
Reward	71.43%	Reinforce positive behaviors with points, virtual items, etc., to boost participation willingness
Challenge	35.71%	Set appropriately challenging goals or levels
Dynamic adjustment	35.71%	Managers can adjust game difficulty or content in real time based on player performance
Real-life scenarios	42.86%	Integrating game tasks with real-life scenarios
Narrative	35.71%	Providing emotionally driven context through storylines, character development, and plot progression
Level design	57.14%	Gradually escalating difficulty to match participant skill levels
Collaboration	7.14%	Foster peer interaction (e.g., multiplayer games)
Interaction	14.29%	Offering multiple interaction methods
Robot	7.14%	Guides, prompts, or accompanies players using virtual characters or AI assistants
Personalization	42.86%	Customizing tasks/difficulty based on autistic individuals’ differences
Monitoring	7.14%	Tracking intervention progress via parent/teacher devices
Imitation	42.86%	Players observe and replicate observed expressions, behaviors, etc.
Parent involvement	21.43%	Design features allowing parents to view, evaluate, or co-participate