Table 6.
Results of moderation effect tests.
| Moderators | ES | Intercept/Hedges’ g | 95% CI | β | Omnieus test | p | Var.1evel2 Var.1evel3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | Q(2) = 1.796 | 0.181 | 0.00 0.048 |
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| 0–50 people | 25 | 0.631*** | 0.425, 0.836 | ||||
| 50–100 people | 9 | 0.360 | 0.039, 0.681 | −0.270* | |||
| ≥100 people | 3 | 0.306 | −0.063, 0.675 | −0.325* | |||
| Intervention frequency | Q(2) = 1.499 | 0.238 | 0.00 0.048 |
||||
| Low frequency | 21 | 0.413*** | 0.209, 0.617 | ||||
| Mid frequency | 14 | 0.692 | 0.425, 0.959 | 0.279* | |||
| High frequency | 2 | 0.401 | −0.177, 0.979 | −0.012 | |||
| Intervention duration | Q(3) = 0.398 | 0.755 | 0.00 0.076 |
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| ≤ 3 weeks | 18 | 0.410** | 0.140, 0.681 | ||||
| 3–6 weeks | 11 | 0.572 | 0.252, 0.891 | 0.161* | |||
| 6–9 weeks | 4 | 0.630 | 0.236, 1.025 | 0.220* | |||
| 12–18 weeks | 4 | 0.600 | −0.230, 1.430 | 0.190 | |||
| Research design | Q(2) = 1.293 | 0.288 | 0.00 0.058 |
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| RCT | 6 | 0.376* | 0.059, 0.694 | ||||
| NRCT | 13 | 0.737 | 0.392, 1.082 | 0.361* | |||
| PREPOST | 18 | 0.491 | 0.268, 0.714 | 0.115 | |||
| Purpose of intervention | Q(6) = 1.164 | 0.355 | 0.00 0.120 |
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| DE | 17 | 0.536** | 0.221, 0.850 | ||||
| DA | 4 | 0.644 | 0.122, 1.166 | 0.108 | |||
| DA + DS | 2 | 0.963 | 0.165, 1.760 | 0.427* | |||
| DN | 2 | 0.199 | −0.566, 0.963 | −0.337* | |||
| DI | 3 | −0.166 | −0.910, 0.577 | −0.702** | |||
| DC | 4 | 0.650 | −0.018, 1.318 | 0.114 | |||
| DD | 1 | 0.618 | −0.274, 1.510 | 0.082 | |||
| Measurement tool | Q(5) = 0.433 | 0.822 | 0.00 0.061 |
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| SCALE | 16 | 0.546*** | 0.257, 0.836 | 0.04 | |||
| BEHAVE | 1 | 0.513 | −0.237, 1.263 | −0.033 | |||
| DEVICE | 2 | 0.497 | −0.002, 0.995 | −0.050 | |||
| OBSERVE | 7 | 0.758 | 0.316, 1.200 | 0.211* | |||
| SURV | 9 | 0.413 | 0.080, 0.745 | −0.134 | |||
| TEST | 2 | 0.346 | −0.175, 0.868 | −0.200* | |||
| AI technology | Q(5) = 7.481 | <0.001 | 0.00 0.00 |
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| TV | 17 | 0.295*** | 0.200, 0.391 | ||||
| TA | 4 | 0.780** | 0.518, 1.042 | 0.485*** | |||
| TM | 1 | 0.412 | 0.141, 0.683 | 0.117* | |||
| TS | 2 | 0.199 | −0.087, 0.474 | −0.097 | |||
| TV + TL | 11 | 0.952*** | 0.707, 1.197 | 0.657*** | |||
| TM + TV | 2 | 0.316 | −0.017, 0.649 | 0.021 | |||
ES, effect size; CI, confidence interval; β, estimated regression coefficient; Var.level 2, within-study variance; Var.level3, between-study variance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; NRCT, non-randomized controlled trial; RCT, randomized controlled trial; PREPOST, pre-post single-group design; DE, emotion recognition and expression; DN, anxiety; DS, social skills; DC: communication skills; DA, attention; TC, convolutional neural network; TM, machine learning; TD, dynamic tuning; TL, deep learning; TS, neural feedback; TA, adaptive learning technology; TV, computer vision.