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. 2026 Jul 8;17:1871218. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1871218

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Copyright © 2026 Hu, Liu, Jiang, Wang, Qian, Ren and Kui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Infographic illustrating a study protocol involving tractor operation with three sequential 20 minute tasks—baling, rotary tillage, and sowing—repeated five times; includes graphical representations of physiological data collection (EEG, ECG, eye tracking), timepoints for subjective workload assessments, and equipment setup with a participant wearing measurement devices and using a driving simulator. — Experimental design and setup. (A) The experimental protocol, involving five cycles of three 20-minute agricultural tasks (baling, rotary tillage, and sowing). (B) Sample physiological signals recorded, including electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and pupil diameter. (C) Subjective fatigue assessment using the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). (D) The data acquisition setup with a participant in the tractor simulator, illustrating the placement of the key sensors.