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. 2026 Jul 8;17:1871218. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1871218

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Copyright © 2026 Hu, Liu, Jiang, Wang, Qian, Ren and Kui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Four boxplot charts compare Baling, Rotary, and Sowing activities for Engagement Index (A), Fatigue Index (B), LF/HF Ratio (C), and RMSSD (D). Data points are overlaid for each activity group. — High-dimensional distribution of core “brain-heart” neurophysiological features across the three agricultural tasks (N = 12). Hybrid plots display boxplots (median and interquartile ranges) combined with individual data point scattering for (A) Engagement Index (EI), (B) Fatigue Index (FI), (C) LF/HF ratio, and (D) RMSSD.