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. 2026 Jul 8;17:1871218. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1871218

Figure 6.

Panel A shows nine topographic brain activity maps for theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands during baling, sowing, and rotary tasks, visualizing spatial EEG power distributions. Panel B presents a line graph comparing prefrontal cortex power spectral density across tasks, highlighting the beta band. Panel C shows a line graph of parieto-occipital cortex power spectral density, emphasizing an alpha frequency burst, with baling, sowing, and rotary tasks indicated by distinct color lines.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical activation and regional power spectral density (PSD) across distinct agricultural tasks. (A) 21-channel EEG topographical matrix illustrating the spatial distribution of Theta (4–8 Hz), Alpha (8–13 Hz), and Beta (13–30 Hz) frequency bands during baling, sowing, and rotary tilling. (B) Grand average PSD curves over the prefrontal cortex (frontal ROI: Fp1, Fpz, Fp2, F3, Fz, F4), with the Beta band (13–30 Hz) highlighted. (C) Grand average PSD curves over the parieto-occipital cortex (posterior ROI: P3, Pz, P4, O1, Oz, O2), with the Alpha band (8–13 Hz) highlighted. In (B, C), solid lines represent group means (N = 12) and translucent shaded regions denote the standard error of the mean (SEM). (* p < 0.05).