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. 2026 Jul 8;17:1871218. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1871218

Table 3.

Two-way RM-ANOVA summary for multimodal physiological and subjective metrics.

Metrics/variables Task (df=2, 22) Time (df=4, 44) Task × Time (df=8, 88)
F ηp 2 F ηp 2 F ηp 2
Subjective
NASA-TLX Score 45.32*** 0.68 28.14*** 0.52 12.05*** 0.38
Eye-Tracking
Pupil Diameter 18.54*** 0.62 5.82* 0.22 3.45* 0.16
Blink Rate 32.15*** 0.65 24.33*** 0.58 14.32*** 0.54
ECG/ANS
LF/HF Ratio 19.45*** 0.59 8.12** 0.28 5.21* 0.21
RMSSD 28.08*** 0.64 16.45*** 0.51 13.55*** 0.49
EEG/CNS
Engagement (EI) 24.18*** 0.68 14.52** 0.41 4.88* 0.18
Fatigue Index (FI) 35.64*** 0.69 28.22*** 0.59 16.72*** 0.60
Frontal Beta 22.77*** 0.61 7.34** 0.26 3.12* 0.15
Occipital Alpha 38.54*** 0.72 22.18*** 0.55 11.45*** 0.42

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.