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. 2026 Jul 8;17:1842189. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1842189

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Copyright © 2026 Wang, Zhou, Yue, Ren and Yao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Comparison of original plant images in the top row, followed by five rows of heatmap visualizations for YOLOv8s, YOLOv8n, YOLOv9, YOLOv10, and BR-YOLOv9 models. Columns show detection results for close-up, long-distance, high-illumination, low-illumination, and multi-target scenarios, each with bounding boxes in the last column. — Heatmap visualization comparison of different models for paddy-field weed detection.