Table 2.

Results of the ablation experiments.

YOLOv9	BiFPN	FE	LSK	mAP@0.5	mAP@0.5:0.95	GFLOPs	Params/M	FPS
✓	—	—	—	96.18	92.26	19.80	7.14	324.13
✓	✓	—	—	96.42	92.72	21.16	7.65	313.75
✓	—	✓	—	96.35	92.61	20.36	7.31	315.28
✓	—	—	✓	96.37	92.62	20.53	7.42	312.46
✓	—	✓	✓	97.08	93.84	22.18	7.95	310.59
✓	✓	✓	✓	98.21	95.97	23.41	8.43	304.97

“✓” denotes the inclusion of the corresponding component, whereas “—” denotes its absence.