Table 4.

Summary of typical model critical speed (CS) and D′ bias, standard error ranges and the minimum data requirements to derive CS and D′ estimates

Model	CS and D′ bias	Typical standard error range	Minimum data requirements
Distance-time	CS: likely comparable to inverse-time and 2-parameter hyperbolic models [13, 15, 21, 24, 27–31, 35–37, 116]. Likely greater than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37]. Variable difference to exponential model [24, 29, 31, 35] D′: likely comparable to inverse-time and 2-parameter hyperbolic models [13, 15, 21, 24, 27–31, 35–37, 116]. Likely lower than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37].	CS: 1–2.8% [29–31, 34, 90] D′: 5–28.2% [29, 30, 34, 39]	2 trials of different durations
Inverse-time	CS: likely comparable to distance-time and 2-parameter hyperbolic models [13, 15, 21, 24, 27–31, 35–37, 116]. Likely greater than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37]. Variable difference to exponential model [24, 29, 31, 35] D′: likely comparable to distance-time and 2-parameter hyperbolic models [13, 15, 21, 24, 27–31, 35–37, 116]. Likely lower than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37].	CS: 2.3–3.8% [29–31, 34, 90] D′: 7–20.5% [29, 30, 34, 39]	2 trials of different durations
2-parameter hyperbolic	CS: likely comparable to distance-time and inverse-time models [13, 15, 21, 24, 27–31, 35–37, 116]. Likely greater than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37]. Variable difference to exponential model [24, 29, 31, 35] D′: likely comparable to distance-time and inverse-time models [13, 15, 21, 24, 27–31, 35–37, 116]. Likely lower than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37].	CS: 1.8–3% [29–31, 34, 90] D′: 6–23.3% [29, 30, 34, 39]	2 trials of different durations
3-parameter hyperbolic	CS: Likely less than distance-time, inverse-time, and 2-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37]. Variability in difference to exponential model D′: Likely greater than distance-time, inverse-time, and 2-parameter hyperbolic model [13, 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37]	CS: 16.9–70.9% [29, 31, 90] D′: > 100% [29]	2 trials of different durations
Exponential	Variable difference to distance-time, inverse-time, and 2- and 3-parameter hyperbolic models [24, 29, 31, 35]	CS: 7.7–9.6% [29, 31, 90]	2 trials of different durations
Stryd	CP: comparable to work-time model. Less than inverse-time model. Greater than 3-parameter hyperbolic model [13]	N/A	CP can be generated after a few runs [91]

CP critical power, CS critical speed