Table 2.
Estimates of relative anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during single bouts of maximal high intensity exercise
| Study | Exercise | Participants | N | Sex | Age | Duration (s) | Anaerobic (%) | Aerobic (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McGawley and Bishop (2015) [117] | Cycle | Soccer players | 8 | F | 26.7 | 6.0 | 90.2 | 9.8 |
| Serresse et al. (1988) [53] | Cycle | CC skiers, biathletes, speed-skaters | 23 | M | 20.6 | 10.0 | 97.0 | 3.0 |
| 30.0 | 72.0 | 28.0 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 54.0 | 46.0 | ||||||
| Duffield et al. (2004) [49] | Run | Club-, state-, and national-level track athletes | 9 | M | 25.0 | 11.5 | 91.1 | 8.9 |
| 11.5 | 79.4 | 20.6 | ||||||
| 13.1 | 89.1 | 10.9 | ||||||
| 13.1 | 75.0 | 25.0 | ||||||
| Gastin and Lawson (1994) [107] | Cycle | – | 8 | M | 22.0 | 15.0 | 81.4 | 18.6 |
| 30.0 | 70.7 | 29.3 | ||||||
| 45.0 | 61.2 | 38.8 | ||||||
| 60.0 | 54.1 | 45.9 | ||||||
| 75.0 | 47.5 | 52.5 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 42.3 | 57.7 | ||||||
| Hermansen and Medbø (1984) [2] | Run | Well trained | 1 | – | – | 15.0 | 78.0 | 22.0 |
| 30.0 | 71.0 | 29.0 | ||||||
| 60.0 | 54.0 | 46.0 | ||||||
| 120.0 | 41.0 | 59.0 | ||||||
| 240.0 | 25.0 | 75.0 | ||||||
| Spencer and Gastin (2001) [48] | Run | Runners | 3 | M | 19.0 | 22.3 | 71.0 | 29.0 |
| 49.3 | 57.0 | 43.0 | ||||||
| 113.0 | 34.0 | 66.0 | ||||||
| 235.0 | 16.0 | 84.0 | ||||||
| Calbet et al. (1997) [101] | Cycle | Untrained | 19 | M | 23.0 | 30.0 | 77.1 | 22.9 |
| 45.0 | 69.1 | 30.9 | ||||||
| 147.9 | 41.5 | 58.5 | ||||||
| Kavanagh and Jacobs (1988) [113] | Cycle | Untrained | 5 | M | – | 30.0 | 81.5 | 18.5 |
| O’Brien et al. (1997) [65] | Cycle | – | 9 | M | 20.0 | 30.0 | 70.0 | 30.0 |
| 30.0 | 67.0 | 33.0 | ||||||
| 60.0 | 54.0 | 46.0 | ||||||
| 60.0 | 52.0 | 48.0 | ||||||
| Withers et al. (1991) [54] | Cycle | Cyclists and fit noncyclist | 6 | M | 25.0 | 30.0 | 72.0 | 28.0 |
| 60.0 | 51.0 | 49.0 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 39.0 | 61.0 | ||||||
| Granier et al. (1995) [108] | Cycle | Sprinters | 7 | M | 20.7 | 30.0 | 81.0 | 19.0 |
| 30.0 | 71.0 | 29.0 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 70.0 | 30.0 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 55.0 | 46.0 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 72.0 | 28.0 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 55.0 | 45.0 | ||||||
| Nummela et al. (1996) [125] | Cycle | Physically active | 13 | M | 24.9 | 30.0 | 80.7 | 19.3 |
| Peyrebrune et al. (2014) [60] | Swim (pool) | Elite swimmers | 8 | M | 20.3 | 30.0 | 75.0 | 25.0 |
| Medbø and Tabata (1989) [52] | Cycle | – | 17 | M | 25.0 | 34.0 | 70.0 | 30.0 |
| 75.0 | 53.0 | 47.0 | ||||||
| 156.0 | 35.0 | 65.0 | ||||||
| Medbo and Tabata (1993) [118] | Cycle | Healthy, active | 16 | M | 25.0 | 34.4 | 69.0 | 31.0 |
| 70.0 | 54.0 | 46.0 | ||||||
| 154.0 | 34.8 | 65.2 | ||||||
| Ogura et al. (2006) [72] | Cycle | University level | 7 | M | 20.0 | 40.0 | 69.3 | 30.7 |
| 40.0 | 75.2 | 24.8 | ||||||
| 40.0 | 75.8 | 24.2 | ||||||
| Nakagaki et al. (2008) [124] | Kayak (ergo) | Kayak paddlers | 8 | M | 20.0 | 40.0 | 71.0 | 29.0 |
| 120.0 | 43.0 | 57.0 | ||||||
| 240.0 | 26.0 | 74.0 | ||||||
| Foster et al. (2004) [106] | Cycle | Regional level | 14 | Mixed | 29.2 | 40.3 | 75.0 | 25.0 |
| 87.4 | 54.7 | 45.3 | ||||||
| 133.8 | 47.3 | 52.7 | ||||||
| 296.0 | 29.8 | 70.2 | ||||||
| Withers et al. (1993) [137] | Cycle | Cyclists | 12 | – | 25.1 | 45.0 | 60.0 | 40.0 |
| 60.0 | 53.0 | 47.0 | ||||||
| 75.0 | 46.0 | 54.0 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 40.0 | 60.0 | ||||||
| Nummela and Rusko (1995) [126] | Run | Athletes | 6 | M | 26.1 | 49.4 | 54.4 | 45.6 |
| 49.5 | 62.9 | 37.1 | ||||||
| Ho et al. (2013) [111] | Kayak (ergo) | Elite Japanese dragonboat paddlers | 11 | M | 21.4 | 50.0 | 47.9 | 52.1 |
| 110.0 | 32.5 | 67.5 | ||||||
| Spencer et al. (1996) [136] | Run | Runners | 4 | M | 30.0 | 52.0 | 54.0 | 46.0 |
| 118.0 | 31.0 | 69.0 | ||||||
| 242.0 | 17.0 | 83.0 | ||||||
| Duffield et al. (2005) [51] | Run | Club- to national-level athletes | 11 | M | 21.8 | 52.2 | 64.8 | 35.2 |
| 52.2 | 58.7 | 41.3 | ||||||
| 60.2 | 63.0 | 37.0 | ||||||
| 60.2 | 55.5 | 44.5 | ||||||
| Zouhal et al. (2010) [138] | Run | National level | 6 | M | 24.2 | 55.0 | 62.5 | 37.4 |
| 61.7 | 57.0 | 43.0 | ||||||
| Morton and Gastin (1997) [121] | Swim (bench) | Untrained | 7 | M | 21.0 | 60.0 | 39.6 | 60.4 |
| 60.0 | 44.2 | 55.8 | ||||||
| Cruz et al. (2016) [105] | Cycle | Recreationally active | 15 | M | – | 60.0 | 39.8 | 60.2 |
| Gastin et al. (1995) [90] | Cycle | – | 9 | M | 27.0 | 62.0 | 49.0 | 51.0 |
| 90.0 | 43.0 | 57.0 | ||||||
| 94.0 | 41.0 | 59.0 | ||||||
| 186.0 | 24.0 | 76.0 | ||||||
| 208.0 | 26.0 | 74.0 | ||||||
| Olesen et al. (1994) [127] | Run | Runners | 6 | – | 28.0 | 62.0 | 63.2 | 36.8 |
| 64.0 | 55.9 | 44.1 | ||||||
| 139.0 | 40.3 | 59.7 | ||||||
| 146.0 | 28.2 | 71.8 | ||||||
| 148.0 | 42.8 | 57.2 | ||||||
| 148.0 | 31.6 | 68.4 | ||||||
| Craig et al. (1995) [104] | Cycle | Cyclists | 6 | M | 19.5 | 70.0 | 49.8 | 50.2 |
| 70.0 | 44.7 | 55.3 | ||||||
| 120.0 | 36.5 | 63.5 | ||||||
| 120.0 | 32.7 | 67.3 | ||||||
| 140.0 | 25.7 | 74.3 | ||||||
| 140.0 | 29.1 | 70.9 | ||||||
| 300.0 | 14.3 | 85.8 | ||||||
| 300.0 | 15.1 | 84.9 | ||||||
| Gastin and Lawson (1994) [56] | Cycle | – | 8 | – | 20.0 | 90.0 | 44.0 | 56.0 |
| 90.0 | 47.0 | 53.0 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 42.0 | 58.0 | ||||||
| Kon et al. (2019) [114] | Cycle | College level | 9 | M | 20.7 | 90.0 | 46.0 | 54.0 |
| 90.0 | 47.9 | 52.1 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 45.0 | 55.0 | ||||||
| 90.0 | 44.6 | 55.4 | ||||||
| Muniz-Pumares et al. (2017) [123] | Cycle | Cyclists and triathletes | 20 | M | 41.0 | 91.0 | 45.1 | 54.9 |
| 123.0 | 37.8 | 62.2 | ||||||
| 173.0 | 29.9 | 70.1 | ||||||
| 267.0 | 19.1 | 80.9 | ||||||
| Macdermid et al. (2019) [116] | Kayak (field) | New Zealand slalom development team | 8 | – | – | 91.6 | 32.0 | 68.0 |
| Simmonds et al. (2010) [135] | Cycle | Highly trained | 8 | M | 26.0 | 93.5 | 36.1 | 63.9 |
| Zouhal et al. (2012) [55] | Kayak (field) | Elite national level | 7 | M | 21.9 | 108.0 | 21.7 | 78.3 |
| 224.0 | 13.4 | 86.6 | ||||||
| Craig and Morgan (1998) [102] | Run | Middle distance runners | 14 | M | 24.7 | 115.8 | 38.8 | 61.2 |
| 146.9 | 26.9 | 73.1 | ||||||
| Hettinga et al. (2007) [110] | Cycle | Cyclists | 9 | M | 26.4 | 116.4 | 49.4 | 50.6 |
| 117.1 | 49.2 | 50.8 | ||||||
| 117.9 | 48.7 | 51.3 | ||||||
| de Poli et al. (2016) [69] | Run | Recreational | 18 | M | 29.0 | 118.8 | 43.6 | 56.4 |
| Bishop et al. (2001) [98] | Kayak (ergo) | Kayakers | 8 | Mixed | 21.0 | 120.0 | 34.3 | 65.7 |
| 120.0 | 34.2 | 65.8 | ||||||
| 120.0 | 31.9 | 68.1 | ||||||
| Bishop et al. (2003) [100] | Kayak (ergo) | State level | 7 | M | 24.0 | 120.0 | 40.9 | 59.1 |
| 120.0 | 39.7 | 60.3 | ||||||
| Bishop et al. (2002) [99] | Kayak (ergo) | Kayak paddlers | 8 | M | 22.0 | 120.0 | 37.7 | 62.3 |
| 120.0 | 39.1 | 60.9 | ||||||
| Minahan and Wood (2008) [120] | Cycle | Untrained | 8 | M | 23.0 | 121.8 | 32.9 | 67.1 |
| 129.0 | 32.0 | 68.0 | ||||||
| 138.0 | 30.9 | 69.1 | ||||||
| Bickham and Le Rossignol (2004) [97] | Run | Runners | 7 | M | 27.0 | 135.7 | 32.7 | 67.3 |
| 160.3 | 29.3 | 70.7 | ||||||
| Arezzolo et al. (2020) [95] | Cycle | Cyclists | 9 | – | 35.1 | 156.0 | 36.6 | 63.4 |
| 156.0 | 33.3 | 66.7 | ||||||
| 164.0 | 35.4 | 64.6 | ||||||
| 164.0 | 33.1 | 66.9 | ||||||
| 165.0 | 35.0 | 65.0 | ||||||
| 165.0 | 31.4 | 68.6 | ||||||
| 167.0 | 35.2 | 64.8 | ||||||
| 167.0 | 32.3 | 67.7 | ||||||
| 177.0 | 34.3 | 65.7 | ||||||
| 177.0 | 30.6 | 69.4 | ||||||
| 185.0 | 33.5 | 66.5 | ||||||
| 185.0 | 29.3 | 70.7 | ||||||
| Muniz-Pumares et al. (2017) [122] | Cycle | Cyclists and triathletes | 21 | M | 40.0 | 164.0 | 29.7 | 70.3 |
| 180.0 | 23.7 | 76.3 | ||||||
| Minahan et al. (2007) [119] | Cycle | Recreationally active | 7 | F | 23.0 | 167.0 | 31.0 | 69.0 |
| 171.0 | 30.0 | 70.0 | ||||||
| 175.0 | 30.0 | 70.0 | ||||||
| Ramsbottom et al. (1994) [130] | Run | Recreational | 12 | Mixed | 25.8 | 171.7 | 30.7 | 69.3 |
| 181.8 | 29.3 | 70.7 | ||||||
| 181.8 | 29.3 | 70.7 | ||||||
| Losnegard et al. (2012) [115] | Ski (treadmill) | Elite senior | 12 | M | 24.0 | 171.8 | 26.6 | 73.4 |
| 172.1 | 26.2 | 73.8 | ||||||
| Green et al. (1996) [109] | Cycle | Cyclists | 10 | M | 26.0 | 173.0 | 24.4 | 75.6 |
| Ramsbottom et al. (1997) [131] | Run | – | 17 | F | 23.8 | 173.2 | 32.4 | 67.8 |
| 177.6 | 29.9 | 70.1 | ||||||
| Pouilly and Busso (2008) [128] | Cycle | Active, not highly trained | 12 | M | 22.7 | 176.0 | 20.5 | 79.5 |
| Bangsbo et al. (1993) [96] | Cycle | Cyclists | 3 | M | 23.0 | 178.8 | 26.1 | 73.9 |
| 180.6 | 21.9 | 78.1 | ||||||
| 205.2 | 34.5 | 65.5 | ||||||
| 243.0 | 31.0 | 69.0 | ||||||
| 360.0 | 33.6 | 66.4 | ||||||
| Lima-Silva et al. (2013) [68] | Cycle | Physically active | 6 | M | 29.7 | 180.0 | 33.8 | 66.2 |
| 222.0 | 33.7 | 66.3 | ||||||
| 264.0 | 33.4 | 66.6 | ||||||
| Kalva-Filho et al. (2017) [112] | Swim (pool) | Swimmers | 9 | Mixed | 18.0 | 180.0 | 19.7 | 80.3 |
| Faina et al. (1997) [62] | Cycle | Cyclists | 8 | M | 24.0 | 225.0 | 16.4 | 83.6 |
| 302.0 | 16.8 | 83.2 | ||||||
| 356.0 | 11.5 | 88.5 | ||||||
| Andersson et al. (2016) [94] | Ski (treadmill) | Skiers | 10 | M | 24.6 | 228.0 | 20.0 | 80.0 |
| 228.0 | 19.0 | 81.0 | ||||||
| 230.0 | 17.0 | 83.0 | ||||||
| 231.0 | 17.0 | 83.0 | ||||||
| Andersson et al. (2017) [93] | Ski (treadmill) | Skiers | 11 | M | 24.3 | 232.0 | 18.0 | 82.0 |
| Riojas et al. (2020) [132] | Cycle | Recreational | 20 | Mixed | 21.0 | 246.0 | 32.3 | 67.7 |
| 246.0 | 34.7 | 65.3 | ||||||
| 490.0 | 12.0 | 88.0 | ||||||
| 490.0 | 20.4 | 79.6 | ||||||
| Aisbett et al. (2009) [91] | Cycle | Cyclists | 26 | M | 29.0 | 300.0 | 16.6 | 83.4 |
| 300.0 | 16.3 | 83.7 | ||||||
| 300.0 | 15.6 | 84.4 | ||||||
| Palmer et al. (2009) [67] | Cycle | National standard | 8 | – | 30.0 | 338.0 | 16.4 | 83.6 |
| Craig et al. (1993) [103] | Cycle | Track and sprint cyclists | 18 | M | 20.1 | 339.7 | 16.0 | 84.0 |
| Aisbett et al. (2003) [92] | Cycle | – | 6 | M | 25.2 | 360.0 | 12.1 | 87.9 |
| 360.0 | 11.4 | 88.6 | ||||||
| 360.0 | 12.0 | 88.0 | ||||||
| Russell et al. (1998) [133] | Row (ergo) | Junior rowing crew | 19 | M | 18.0 | 403.0 | 16.0 | 84.0 |
| Santos Rde et al. (2013) [134] | Cycle | Cyclists | 8 | M | 32.6 | 419.1 | 26.2 | 73.8 |
| Pripstein et al. (1999) [129] | Row | Competitive rowers | 16 | F | 21.0 | 450.0 | 12.3 | 87.7 |
| Duffield et al. (2005) [50] | Run | Trained | 8 | M | 26.0 | 577.7 | 7.0 | 93.0 |
| 577.7 | 14.0 | 86.0 | ||||||
| 695.0 | 8.0 | 92.0 | ||||||
| 695.0 | 6.0 | 94.0 |
Assessment method: oxygen deficit (n = 66 studies)