Table 3.
Estimates of relative anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during single bouts of maximal high intensity exercise
| Study | Exercise | Participants | N | Sex | Age | Duration (s) | Anaerobic (%) | Aerobic (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sousa et al. (2017) [140] | Run | Active | 12 | M | 21.0 | 10.0 | 90.3c (52.7, 37.6) | 9.7 |
| 20.0 | 85.3c (56.0, 29.3) | 14.7 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 79.4c (53.9, 25.5) | 20.6 | ||||||
| Bogdanis et al. (1998) [34] | Cycle | University students | 8 | M | 26.0 | 10.0 | 87.0a | 13.0 |
| 20.0 | 73.0a | 27.0 | ||||||
| Locatelli and Arsac (1995) [47] | Run | Runners | 4 | M | – | 10.6 | 97.7b | 2.3 |
| 11.8 | 96.8b | 3.2 | ||||||
| Duffield et al. (2004) [49] | Run | Club-, state-, and national-level track athletes | 8 | M | 22.3 | 23.8 | 79.3b | 20.7 |
| 23.8 | 71.6b | 28.4 | ||||||
| 26.8 | 78.0b | 22.0 | ||||||
| 26.8 | 66.8b | 33.2 | ||||||
| Bernardi et al. (2007) [146] | Arm crank ergo | Grinders and mastmen | 6 | M | 28.0 | 27.0 | 85.0c (56.0, 29.0) | 15.0 |
| Smith and Hill (1991) [145] | Cycle | – | 6 | M | – | 30.0 | 84.0b (56.0, 28.0) | 16.0 |
| Beneke et al. (2002) [39] | Cycle | Rugby players | 11 | M | 21.6 | 30.0 | 81.4c (50.3, 31.1) | 18.6 |
| Ozkaya et al. (2014) [64] | Elliptical | Mixed sport backgrounds | 12 | M | 20.3 | 30.0 | 88.8c (45.0, 43.8) | 11.2 |
| 30.0 | 84.3c (45.3, 39.1) | 15.7 | ||||||
| Micklewright et al. (2006) [144] | Cycle | Physically active | 15 | M | 24.0 | 30.0 | 78.1c (40.9, 37.2) | 21.9 |
| 30.0 | 77.5c (40.0, 37.5) | 22.5 | ||||||
| Leithauser et al. (2016) [88] | Cycle | No details | 10 | M | 26.6 | 30.0 | 86.0c (59.0, 27.0) | 14.0 |
| 30.0 | 87.0c (61.0, 26.0) | 13.0 | ||||||
| La Monica et al. (2020) [41] | Cycle | Recreationally active | 11 | M | 22.8 | 30.0 | 90.3c (46.9, 43.4) | 9.7 |
| 30.0 | 89.9c (45.1, 44.8) | 10.1 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 90.2c (46.8, 43.4) | 9.8 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 89.8c (47.6, 42.3) | 10.2 | ||||||
| 30.0 | 89.2c (46.1, 43.1) | 10.8 | ||||||
| Doria et al. (2020) [71] | Cycle | Mountain climbers | 7 | M | 39.4 | 30.0 | 80.1c (48.3, 31.8) | 19.9 |
| 30.0 | 81.7c (43.1, 38.6) | 18.3 | ||||||
| Lovell et al. (2013) [147] | Arm crank ergo | Physically active | 14 | M | 24.0 | 30.0 | 88.6c (60.3, 28.3) | 11.4 |
| Franchini et al. (2016) [84] | Arm crank ergo | Well trained | 14 | M | 21.0 | 30.0 | 79.0c (46.0, 33.0) | 21.0 |
| Julio et al. (2019) [85] | Cycle | State or national level | 11 | M | 18.0 | 30.0 | 77.0c (45.0, 32.0) | 23.0 |
| 30.0 | 79.0c (50.0, 29.0) | 21.0 | ||||||
| Figueiredo et al. (2011) [83] | Swim (pool) | International-level swimmers | 10 | M | 21.6 | 32.2 | 55.4b (14.1, 41.3) | 44.6 |
| 141.3 | 34.1b (13.6, 20.4) | 65.9 | ||||||
| Bottollier et al. (2020) [141] | Ski | Alpine ski racers | 8 | Mixed | 18.2 | 43.9 | 65.7b (36.3, 29.4) | 34.3 |
| 52.9 | 60.1b (34.6, 25.5) | 39.9 | ||||||
| 53.2 | 56.1b (26.5, 29.6) | 43.9 | ||||||
| 78.3 | 51.5b (29.9, 21.6) | 48.5 | ||||||
| Lacour et al. (1990) [46] | Run | Top-level runners | 17 | Mixed | 25.4 | 47.5 | 71.8b | 28.2 |
| 108.4 | 50.3b | 49.7 | ||||||
| Hill (1999) [45] | Run | Runners | 6 | M | – | 49.3 | 63.0b | 37.0 |
| 61.2 | 62.0b | 38.0 | ||||||
| 120.2 | 39.0b | 61.0 | ||||||
| 145.7 | 33.0b | 67.0 | ||||||
| 245.8 | 20.0b | 80.0 | ||||||
| 308.5 | 17.0b | 83.0 | ||||||
| Wittekind and Beneke (2011) [66] | Cycle | Cyclists or triathletes | 11 | M | 31.0 | 60.0 | 63.0c (38.0, 25.0) | 37.0 |
| 60.0 | 62.0c (36.0, 27.0) | 38.0 | ||||||
| 60.0 | 60.0c (34.0, 26.0) | 40.0 | ||||||
| Bertuzzi et al. (2007) [81] | Climb | Climbers | 6 | – | 20.1 | 73.8 | 58.4c (8.4, 50.1) | 41.6 |
| 80.8 | 51.5c (12.3, 39.3) | 48.5 | ||||||
| 82.3 | 56.1c (13.8, 42.5) | 43.9 | ||||||
| 83.9 | 57.9c (16.4, 41.5) | 42.1 | ||||||
| Zamparo et al. (2006) [87] | Kayak (field) | Italian national whitewater team | 8 | – | 24.8 | 85.7 | 54.8b ((29.9, 24.9) | 45.2 |
| 88.1 | 53.0b (33.9, 19.0) | 47.0 | ||||||
| de Poli et al. (2016) [69] | Run | Recreational | 18 | M | 29.0 | 118.8 | 43.6c (25.0, 18.6) | 56.4 |
| Sousa et al. (2014) [86] | Swim (pool) | Swimmers | 12 | M | 18.2 | 122.6 | 41.0b (20.0, 21.0) | 59.0 |
| 194.2 | 26.0b (12.0, 14.0) | 74.0 | ||||||
| 344.1 | 17.0b (7.0, 10.0) | 83.0 | ||||||
| Duffield et al. (2005) [51] | Run | Club- to national-level athletes | 9 | M | 19.8 | 126.0 | 36.6b | 63.4 |
| 126.0 | 39.7b | 60.3 | ||||||
| 151.5 | 31.4b | 68.6 | ||||||
| 151.5 | 29.9b | 70.1 | ||||||
| de Poli et al. (2019) [70] | Run | Recreationally active | 14 | M | 24.0 | 160.8 | 35.0c (19.9, 15.1) | 65.0 |
| Brisola et al. (2015) [40] | Run | Healthy and moderately active men | 15 | M | 23.4 | 163.0 | 33.4c (19.5, 14.2) | 66.6 |
| Ferreira et al. (2015) [143] | Swim (pool) | Swimmers | 14 | M | 35.6 | 171.2 | 23.9b (12.0, 11.9) | 76.1 |
| 174.8 | 26.0b (13.1, 12.8) | 74.0 | ||||||
| 177.5 | 28.4b (14.8, 13.6) | 71.6 | ||||||
| 193.4 | 21.6b (9.3, 12.3) | 78.4 | ||||||
| 197.4 | 20.6b (8.0, 12.7) | 79.4 | ||||||
| 205.2 | 23.1b (9.9, 13.2) | 76.9 | ||||||
| Correia et al. (2019) [142] | Swim (pool) | Swimmers | 14 | Mixed | 23.0 | 171.7 | 12.2b (6.0, 6.2) | 87.8 |
| Ferreira et al. (2016) [82] | Swim (pool) | Participated in national swimming events | 11 | F | 34.7 | 193.4 | 21.6b (9.3, 12.3) | 78.4 |
| 197.4 | 20.6b (8.0, 12.7) | 79.4 | ||||||
| 205.2 | 22.3b (9.6, 12.8) | 77.7 | ||||||
| Laffite et al. (2004) [139] | Swim (pool) | Elite | 7 | M | 19.1 | 255.8 | 18.9b | 81.1 |
| Duffield et al. (2005) [50] | Run | Trained | 10 | M | 25.0 | 263.0 | 19.0b | 81.0 |
| 263.0 | 23.0b | 77.0 | ||||||
| 316.7 | 18.0b | 82.0 | ||||||
| 316.7 | 14.0b | 86.0 | ||||||
| de Campos Mello et al. (2009) [63] | Row (ergo with slide) | Competitive rowers | 8 | M | 23.8 | 398.0 | 16.0c (7.0, 9.0) | 84.0 |
| 402.0 | 16.0c (7.0, 9.0) | 84.0 | ||||||
| 515.0 | 13.0c (6.0, 7.0) | 87.0 |
Assessment method: mixed methods (n = 33 studies)
Method used to calculate adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine (ATP–PCr) energy release and contribution: aMuscle measures; bMuscle estimates; cFast-component of post exercise oxygen consumption