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. 2026 Apr 11;56(7):1723–1747. doi: 10.1007/s40279-026-02414-7

Table 4.

Estimates of relative anaerobic and aerobic energy system contribution during single bouts of maximal high intensity exercise

Study Exercise Participants N Sex Age Duration (s) Anaerobic (%) Aerobic (%)
Péronnet and Thibault (1989) [38] Run Runners M 6.4 94.7 5.3
9.8 92.4 7.6
19.8 85.9 14.1
44.1 69.9 30.1
101.7 43.0 57.0
132.2 35.2 64.8
209.5 23.9 76.1
226.3 22.3 77.7
290.8 18.1 81.9
452.1 12.0 88.0
778.4 6.3 93.7
1633.8 2.5 97.5
Arsac and Locatelli (2002) [35] Run Sprinters M 9.2 96.0 4.0
11.5 94.0 6.0
12.1 95.0 5.0
13.2 94.0 6.0
Ward-Smith and Radford (2000) [74] Run Elite sprinters M 10.2 92.5 7.5
11.0 90.5 9.5
Ward-Smith (1985) [36] Run Runners 10.2 93.0 7.0
20.4 86.0 14.0
44.9 72.0 28.0
105.5 48.0 52.0
218.2 28.0 72.0
816.5 8.0 92.0
1686.8 4.0 96.0
Billat et al. (2004) [75] Run Middle distance 8 M 18.0 86.5 38.2 61.8
101.6 41.5 58.5
Di Prampero et al. (1993) [37] Run Runners 16 Mixed 18.3 102.0 38.0 62.0
132.0 31.0 69.0
209.0 22.0 78.0
452.0 11.0 89.0
778.0 7.0 93.0
Busso and Chatagnon (2006) [159] Run 2004 World record 206.0 24.4 75.6
227.0 22.3 77.7
441.0 12.4 87.6
486.0 11.4 88.6
757.0 7.5 92.5
841.0 6.9 93.1

Assessment method: theoretical models (n = 7 studies)