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. 2026 Jul 8;13:1856132. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1856132

Figure 1.

Volcano plots showing DEGs in PBMCs from IMV versus non-IMV COVID-19 ARDS patients at baseline, day 4, and day 8. Each dot represents a gene, plotted by log2 fold change (x-axis) versus –log10 adjusted p-value (y-axis). Red dots indicate significantly upregulated genes (adjusted p<0.05, log2FC>1); blue dots indicate downregulated genes (p<0.05, log2FC<−1). No DEGs were detected at baseline. Day 4 showed 36 DEGs (25 down, 11 up); Day 8 showed 21 DEGs (5 down, 16 up). Corner numbers denote down- (left) and upregulated (right) gene counts.

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IMV versus non-IMV COVID-19 ARDS patients. Volcano plots show global transcriptional changes in PBMC at baseline, day 4, and day 8. Each dot represents a single gene, with the x-axis showing log2 fold change and the y-axis showing –log10 adjusted p-value. Genes with adjusted p < 0.05 and log2 fold change > 1 are highlighted in red (upregulated), and those with p-value less than 0.05 and a log2 fold change less than −1 are highlighted in green (downregulated). At baseline, no DEGs were detected. At Day 4, 36 DEGs were identified (25 downregulated, 11 upregulated), and at Day 8, 21 DEGs were identified (5 downregulated, 16 upregulated). Numbers in the lower corners indicate counts of downregulated (left) and upregulated (right) genes at each time point.