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. 2026 Jul 8;13:1856132. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1856132

Figure 3.

Violin plots presenting longitudinal cytokine concentrations in two groups labeled IMV (blue) and non-IMV (red) for IL-10, IL-8, IL-6 (panel a), and IL-15, MCP-1, Eotaxin, GM-CSF, Fractalkine, and MIP-1α (panel b) at baseline, day four, and day eight, with statistical significance indicated for comparisons.

Plasma cytokine profiles in COVID-19 ARDS patients requiring IMV versus non-IMV. (a) Plasma concentrations of IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 were significantly higher in IMV group compared with non-IMV group across study time points. (b) Significant group × time interactions were observed for IL-15, MCP-1, eotaxin, GM-CSF, fractalkine, and MIP-1α. Post hoc analyses revealed elevated IL-15 at Day 8 and higher MCP-1 at Day 4 in IMV group relative to non-IMV group. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0005.