. 2026 Jul;42(7):1877–1892. doi: 10.12669/pjms.42.7.16559

Table-I.

Details of included studies.

Study ID Location	Procedure Type	Groups	Sample Size	Age (years)	Male (%)	ASA III (%)	Dexmed dose	Comparator drug dose	Rescue drug	Sedation scale
Chen 2024 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	30	49 ± 10	80	6.7	0.6 µg/kg loading over 10 min	Remimazolam 0.073 mg/kg or 0.093 mg/kg, respectively for 10 min	Propofol	MOAA/S
		Control-1	29	46.6 ± 14.4	60	3.4
		Control-2	30	43.3± 15.3	76.7	3
Xu 2024 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	60	60.9 ± 4.2	68.3	0	0.5 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h	Remimazolam 6 mg/kg/h induction + 1–2 mg/kg/h maintenance	Propofol	MOAA/S
Xu 2024 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	60	60.7 ± 4.3	66.7	0	0.5 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h	Remimazolam 6 mg/kg/h induction + 1–2 mg/kg/h maintenance	Propofol	MOAA/S
Zhou 2024 China	Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy	Dexmed	182	61 (55–65)	63.7	4.4	0.1–0.2 mL/kg loading + 0.1–0.5 mL/kg/h	Remimazolam 0.1–0.2 mL/kg loading + 0.1–0.5 mL/kg/h	Propofol	MOAA/S
Zhou 2024 China	Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy	Control	182	60 (52–66)	69.2	7.7	0.1–0.2 mL/kg loading + 0.1–0.5 mL/kg/h	Remimazolam 0.1–0.2 mL/kg loading + 0.1–0.5 mL/kg/h	Propofol	MOAA/S
Chen 2022 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	73	56.1 ± 6	72.6	NR	0.5 µg/kg loading over 10 min + 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h	Remimazolam 12 mg/kg/h induction + 1–2 mg/kg/h maintenance	Propofol	NR
Chen 2022 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	73	57.1 ± 5.6	75.3	NR	0.5 µg/kg loading over 10 min + 0.2–0.7 µg/kg/h	Remimazolam 12 mg/kg/h induction + 1–2 mg/kg/h maintenance	Propofol	NR
Pertzov 2022 Israel	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	30	58.8 ± 15.1	43.3	NR	1 µg/kg over 15 min + 0.5 µg/kg/h	Propofol 0.5–1 mg/kg induction + 100–200 µg/kg/min infusion	Propofol	Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale
Pertzov 2022 Israel	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	33	62.9 ± 9.7	69.7	NR	1 µg/kg over 15 min + 0.5 µg/kg/h	Propofol 0.5–1 mg/kg induction + 100–200 µg/kg/min infusion	Propofol	Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale
Chouhan 2023 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	40	52.3 ± 14.3	55	7.5	1 µg/kg over 10 min	Midazolam 0.05 mg/kg Propofol 0.5 mg/kg induction	Propofol	Composite score
		Control-M	40	58.1 ± 8.3	67.5	7.5
		Control-P	40	55.6 ± 11.2	60	12.5
Kim 2021 Korea	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	48	63.7 ± 11.3	68.8	NR	0.25µg/kg loading over 10 min + 0.25-0.75µg/kg/h	Midazolam 0.05 mg/kg loading + 1mg boluses	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Kim 2021 Korea	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	54	63.9 ± 11.0	72.2	NR	0.25µg/kg loading over 10 min + 0.25-0.75µg/kg/h	Midazolam 0.05 mg/kg loading + 1mg boluses	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Kumari 2021 India	EBUS-TBNA	Dexmed	99	44 ± 14	56.6	0	1 µg/kg loading + 0.6 µg/kg/h infusion	Midazolam 2 mg bolus	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Kumari 2021 India	EBUS-TBNA	Control	98	49 ± 14	51	0	1 µg/kg loading + 0.6 µg/kg/h infusion	Midazolam 2 mg bolus	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Magazine 2021 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	24	48.5 ± 13.1	54.2	NR	0.75 µg/kg over 10 min	Midazolam 0.035 mg/kg	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Magazine 2021 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	24	44.4 ± 12.0	41.7	NR	0.75 µg/kg over 10 min	Midazolam 0.035 mg/kg	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Yuan 2016 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	50	59.8 ± 7.6	54	30 28	1 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.5 µg/kg/h	Propofol (2–4 µg/mL)	Lidocaine	MOAA/S
Yuan 2016 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	50	60.5 ± 6.9	44	30 28	1 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.5 µg/kg/h	Propofol (2–4 µg/mL)	Lidocaine	MOAA/S
Lin 2020 China	EBUS-TBNA	Dexmed	25	59.7 ± 14.1	56	NR	1 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.5–1.4 µg/kg/h	Propofol (2.0 µg/mL)	NR	MOAA/S
Lin 2020 China	EBUS-TBNA	Control	25	59.4 ± 12.2	52	NR	1 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.5–1.4 µg/kg/h	Propofol (2.0 µg/mL)	NR	MOAA/S
Magazine 2020 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	27	47.1 ± 13.4	70.4	NR	0.5 µg/kg over 10 min	Midazolam 0.035 mg/kg	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Magazine 2020 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	27	45 ± 14.3	51.9	NR	0.5 µg/kg over 10 min	Midazolam 0.035 mg/kg	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Liao 2012 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	99	58.5 ± 9.1	61.6	NR	Up to 1 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.5 µg/kg/h	Midazolam 2 mg bolus + 1 mg titrated	NR	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Liao 2012 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	99	60.1 ± 8.4	63.3	NR	Up to 1 µg/kg over 10 min + 0.5 µg/kg/h	Midazolam 2 mg bolus + 1 mg titrated	NR	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Ryu 2012 Korea	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	35	52.9 ± NR	57	NR	Infusion 1.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg/min	Remifentanil infusion	Airway maneuvers only	MOAA/S
Ryu 2012 Korea	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	35	52.9 ± NR	51	NR	Infusion 1.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg/min	Remifentanil infusion	Airway maneuvers only	MOAA/S
Goneppanavar 2015 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	27	49.7 ± 13.9	74.1	NR	1 µg/kg over 10 min (single bolus)	Midazolam 0.02 mg/kg	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Goneppanavar 2015 India	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	27	52.5 ± 15.1	88.9	NR	1 µg/kg over 10 min (single bolus)	Midazolam 0.02 mg/kg	Midazolam	Ramsay Sedation Scale
Riachy 2017 Lebanon	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	53	NR	58.5	NR	0.5 µg/kg over 10 min + lidocaine	Alfentanil 10 µg/kg bolus + lidocaine	Midazolam	Nursing Instrument for the Communication of Sedation score
Riachy 2017 Lebanon	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	55	NR	43.6	NR	0.5 µg/kg over 10 min + lidocaine	Alfentanil 10 µg/kg bolus + lidocaine	Midazolam	Nursing Instrument for the Communication of Sedation score
Zhang 2021 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Dexmed	222	58 ± 14	62.6	NR	1 µg/kg (max 50 µg) + midazolam	Fentanyl 1 µg/kg (max 50 µg) + midazolam	Midazolam	Bispectral index
Zhang 2021 China	Flexible bronchoscopy	Control	211	60.2 ± 11.6	59.7	NR	1 µg/kg (max 50 µg) + midazolam	Fentanyl 1 µg/kg (max 50 µg) + midazolam	Midazolam	Bispectral index

NR, not reported; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologist; max, maximum; IV, intravenous; MOAA/S, Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation; Dexmed, Dexmedetomidine; EBUS-TBNA, endobronchial ultrasound–guided transbronchial needle aspiration.