Table 1. Physicochemical properties of some biomass-derived solvents.
| Solvents | B.P. (°C) | Recycling | Environmental impact | Health hazards | Reactivity/stability | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aquatic | Air | |||||
| γ-Valerolactone (GVL) | 207 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 10 |
| 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) | 78 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 6 |
| Propylene carbonate | 242 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
| Cyrene | 203 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| DMSO | 189 | 4 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 5 |
| DCM | 39.6 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 9 |
| Cyclopentanone | 131 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 10 |
| Cyclohexanone | 156 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 9 |
| TMO | 102 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 |
| Eucalyptol | 176 | 6 | 9 | 6 | 5 | 8 |
| Dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) | 236 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 8 |
| Cyclopentyl methyl ether | 106 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| Methyl tert-butyl ether | 75 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 9 |
| Acetonitrile | 82 | 5 | 7 | 10 | ||
| Propylene carbonate | 242 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
| Acetone | 56 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 10 | 9 |
| N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) | 165 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
| N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) | 153 | 6 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 9 |
| N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) | 202 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 9 |
| N-Butylpyrrolidinone (NBP) | 146 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| 1,4-Dioxane | 102 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 6 |
| Diethyl ether | 35 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 1 | 6 |
| Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) | 91 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
| Cygnet | 180 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 8 |