Table 4.
Linear mixed model statistics for fixed effects of Time, Group, and their interaction on each high-speed videoendoscopy-derived kinematic parameter.
| Kinematic Parameter | Effect | Estimate | SE | 95% CI | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MADRn | Intercept | 1.59 | 0.06 | 1.48, 1.70 | 28.23 | < .001 |
| Time | 0.08 | 0.10 | −0.11, 0.27 | 0.82 | 0.423 | |
| CPP Group | −0.22 | 0.11 | −0.44, 0.02 | −1.88 | 0.072 | |
| Time × CPP Group | 0.32 | 0.19 | −0.07, 0.70 | 1.66 | 0.110 | |
| Amplitude-to-Length Ratio | Intercept | 13.67 | 1.08 | 11.50, 15.85 | 12.62 | < .001 |
| Time | 0.10 | 1.03 | −1.08, 3.08 | 0.97 | 0.344 | |
| CPP Group | 1.20 | 2.17 | −3.16, 5.55 | 0.55 | 0.585 | |
| Time × CPP Group | 0.56 | 2.07 | −3.60, 4.72 | 0.27 | 0.789 | |
| Closing Quotient | Intercept | 0.38 | 0.014 | 0.35, 0.40 | 26.73 | < .001 |
| Time | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.02, 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.486 | |
| CPP Group | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.03, 0.09 | 1.10 | 0.282 | |
| Time × CPP Group | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.04, 0.17 | 3.28 | 0.003 | |
| Speed Index | Intercept | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.12, 0.22 | 7.38 | < .001 |
| Time | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.06, 0.04 | −0.53 | 0.603 | |
| CPP Group | −0.09 | 0.05 | −0.18, 0.00 | −1.95 | 0.062 | |
| Time × CPP Group | −0.10 | 0.05 | −0.20, −0.00 | −2.10 | 0.046 | |
| Stiffness Index | Intercept | 1163.90 | 34.64 | 1094.26, 1233.54 | 33.60 | < .001 |
| Time | −46.40 | 47.18 | −141.26, 48.45 | −0.98 | 0.335 | |
| CPP Group | −85.19 | 69.27 | −224.48, 54.09 | −1.23 | 0.230 | |
| Time × CPP Group | −210.14 | 94.35 | −399.85, −20.42 | −2.23 | 0.035 | |
| Phase Asymmetry Index | Intercept | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.05, 0.08 | 8.12 | < .001 |
| Time | −0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02, 0.02 | −0.28 | 0.783 | |
| CPP Group | 0.02 | 0.02 | −0.01, 0.05 | 1.18 | 0.250 | |
| Time × CPP Group | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.07, 0.01 | −1.40 | 0.173 | |
| Time Periodicity | Intercept | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.95, 0.96 | 471.78 | < .001 |
| Time | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.00, 0.01 | 1.83 | 0.079 | |
| CPP Group | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01, 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.807 | |
| Time × CPP Group | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.02, 0.01 | −1.04 | 0.309 | |
| Waveform Symmetry Index | Intercept | 0.94 | 0.01 | 0.92, 0.96 | 99.17 | < .001 |
| Time | 0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02, 0.04 | 0.68 | 0.500 | |
| CPP Group | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.06, 0.02 | −1.11 | 0.279 | |
| Time × CPP Group | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.02, 0.10 | 1.26 | 0.218 |
Note. MADRn = Normalized Maximum Area Declination Rate; CPP = Cepstral Peak Prominence
p values for interaction effects that were statistically significant are bolded.
The Time effect was pre-post stimulability testing with the pre-testing being the reference value.
The CPP Group effect was the direction of change in CPP from pre- to post- stimulability testing with CPP decrease being the reference value.