Table 2.
Effects of two types of eggs on glycolipid metabolism in diabetic patients after a 12-week intervention.
| Indicator names | Baseline | Post-intervention | p0 | Baseline | Post-intervention | P0 | P1’ | Pinter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Among all individuals | ||||||||
| SE egg (n = 27) | ZE egg (n = 31) | |||||||
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 9.89 (7.47, 15.90) | 6.73 (4.60, 14.07) | 0.04 | 9.40 (5.33, 17.00) | 8.22 (5.64, 17.30) | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.27 |
| HOMA-IR | 6.16 (4.53, 9.74) | 2.79 (1.80, 6.55) | 0.006 | 4.72 (2.63, 9.97) | 2.79 (1.80, 6.54) | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.46 |
| HOMA-β | 20.98 (14.04, 38.01) | 27.69 (15.96, 45.77) | 0.78 | 22.48 (13.95, 32.32) | 30.50 (16.08, 83.51) | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.12 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.62 (1.30, 2.74) | 1.89 (1.14, 2.45) | 0.25 | 2.00 (1.31, 2.64) | 1.59 (1.13, 2.47) | 0.0007 | 0.44 | 0.35 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.10 ± 0.99 | 5.31 ± 1.13 | 0.17 | 4.81 ± 0.98 | 4.87 ± 1.11 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.43 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.79 ± 0.87 | 2.96 ± 0.92 | 0.22 | 2.48 ± 0.88 | 2.63 ± 0.86 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.93 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.40 ± 0.40 | 1.46 ± 0.43 | 0.06 | 1.42 ± 0.39 | 1.42 ± 0.38 | 0.92 | 0.71 | 0.17 |
| TyG | 9.94 ± 0.62 | 9.54 ± 0.77 | 0.001 | 9.80 ± 0.57 | 9.30 ± 0.72 | 0.0001 | 0.22 | 0.49 |
| Among patients with HbA1c < 8.9% | ||||||||
| SE egg (n = 13) | ZE egg (n = 14) | |||||||
| FBG (mmol/L) | 13.19 ± 2.42 | 7.85 ± 2.08 | 0.0003 | 12.11 ± 1.72 | 7.40 ± 2.62 | 0.0002 | 0.63 | 0.65 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.44 ± 0.69 | 7.65 ± 0.83 | 0.14 | 7.37 ± 0.88 | 7.29 ± 0.81 | 0.46 | 1.00 | 0.40 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 14.00 (7.99, 33.25) | 7.52 (5.24, 12.33) | 0.03 | 15.00 (8.89, 61.95) | 9.48 (6.16, 19.55) | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.92 |
| HOMA-IR | 7.80 (4.72, 22.5) | 2.36 (1.72, 4.90) | 0.01 | 8.74 (4.58, 30.06) | 2.67 (1.98, 7.09) | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.96 |
| HOMA-β | 30.93 (19.94, 59.17) | 35.21 (27.15, 51.42) | 0.50 | 31.82 (21.48, 120.92) | 71.87 (43.51, 146.77) | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.31 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.61 (1.06, 2.66) | 1.93 (1.03, 2.34) | 0.49 | 1.91 (1.39, 2.60) | 1.39 (1.13, 2.47) | 0.03 | 0.90 | 0.47 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.12 ± 0.70 | 5.30 ± 0.94 | 0.49 | 4.52 ± 0.52 | 4.46 ± 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.18 | 0.44 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.80 ± 0.67 | 2.98 ± 0.77 | 0.47 | 2.25 ± 0.45 | 2.36 ± 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.79 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.47 ± 0.41 | 1.51 ± 0.49 | 0.50 | 1.39 ± 0.37 | 1.37 ± 0.34 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.39 |
| TyG | 9.75 ± 0.50 | 9.17 ± 0.61 | 0.006 | 9.76 ± 0.37 | 9.03 ± 0.66 | 0.0005 | 0.56 | 0.50 |
| Among patients with HbA1c ≥ 8.9% | ||||||||
| SE egg (n = 14) | ZE egg (n = 17) | |||||||
| FBG (mmol/L) | 13.75 ± 2.16 | 12.06 ± 2.99 | 0.03 | 12.87 ± 2.62 | 11.10 ± 2.76 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.61 ± 0.82 | 9.45 ± 0.90 | 0.39 | 10.13 ± 0.76 | 9.95 ± 1.31 | 0.38 | 0.96 | 1.00 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 8.49 (6.37, 14.03) | 5.83 (4.06, 18.08) | 0.54 | 5.58 (4.04, 9.71) | 6.97 (4.47, 11.87) | 0.60 | 0.94 | 0.14 |
| HOMA-IR | 5.02 (4.09, 8.00) | 3.19 (1.80, 10.30) | 0.27 | 3.39 (2.38, 5.10) | 2.78 (1.79, 6.42) | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.12 |
| HOMA-β | 16.90 (13.46, 24.81) | 16.35 (10.18, 37.47) | 0.71 | 14.81 (7.03, 23.82) | 18.67 (15.65, 30.75) | 0.16 | 0.74 | 0.16 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.92 (1.38, 3.26) | 1.82 (1.23, 2.85) | 0.41 | 2.27 (0.89, 2.83) | 1.75 (0.92, 2.36) | 0.02 | 0.50 | 0.56 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.09 ± 1.23 | 5.32 ± 1.31 | 0.20 | 5.06 ± 1.20 | 5.20 ± 1.27 | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.73 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.78 ± 1.04 | 2.93 ± 1.07 | 0.27 | 2.67 ± 1.10 | 2.86 ± 0.99 | 0.24 | 0.84 | 0.87 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.33 ± 0.39 | 1.42 ± 0.38 | 0.05 | 1.44 ± 0.42 | 1.47 ± 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.75 | 0.27 |
| TyG | 10.11 ± 0.69 | 9.88 ± 0.76 | 0.10 | 9.84 ± 0.68 | 9.53 ± 0.70 | 0.006 | 0.20 | 0.66 |
SE egg, selenium-enriched egg. ZE egg, zeaxanthin-enriched egg. HOMA-IR, Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; HOMA-β, Homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function index; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. TyG, Triglyceride-glucose index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. P0 indicates the differences before and after intervention within the group. P1 indicates the differences between groups after intervention. Pinter represents the p-value for the interaction effect between group and time.