Table 2.
Comparative characteristics of kidney allograft recipients with norovirus and nonnorovirus-related diarrhea
| Demographic features | Controls | Norovirus | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 96 | 159 | |
| Age (yrs) | 60 (50–65.8) | 59 (49–68) | 0.6475 |
| Men | 52 (54.2%) | 91 (57.2%) | 0.6964 |
| Diabetes | 39 (40.6%) | 59 (37.1%) | 0.5970 |
| Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 (22.0–28.3) | 24.0 (20.7–27.7) | 0.1233 |
| Characteristics of kidney transplantation | |||
| Maintenance immunosuppression | |||
| MMF/MPA or azathioprine - CNI - corticosteroids | 65 (67.7%) | 95 (59.8%) | 0.2299 |
| MMF/MPA or azathioprine - belatacept - corticosteroids | 3 (3.1%) | 33 (20.8%) | < 0.0001 |
| MMF/MPA or azathioprine - everolimus - corticosteroids | 2 (2.1%) | 5 (3.1%) | 0.7139 |
| CNI - everolimus - corticosteroids | 15 (15.6%) | 6 (3.8%) | 0.0012 |
| Belatacept - everolimus - corticosteroids | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.5287 |
| MMF/MPA or azathioprine – CNI | 4 (4.2%) | 9 (5.7%) | 0.7717 |
| CNI - corticosteroids | 6 (6.3%) | 7 (4.4%) | 0.5635 |
| Belatacept - corticosteroids | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.7222 |
| Azathioprine - corticosteroids | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | > 0.9999 |
| Rejection episodes | 25 (26.0%) | 50 (31.9%) | 0.3949 |
| Diarrhea characteristics at diagnosis | |||
| Delay between transplantation and diagnosis (yrs) | 3.5 (0.8–7.0) | 4.9 (1.7–9.8) | 0.0164 |
| Clinical features | |||
| Acute - chronic diarrhea | 72 (75.0%) - 24 (25.0%) | 92 (61.3%) - 58 (38.7%) | 0.0372 |
| Symptoms duration (mos) | 2.0 (1.0–4.8) | 3 (1–5) | 0.5220 |
| Abdominal pain | 27 (28.4%) | 35 (23.8%) | 0.4528 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 24 (25.0%) | 40 (27.2%) | 0.7666 |
| Diagnosis BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 (21.3–28.5) | 22.1 (19.0–26.3) | 0.0018 |
| Decrease in BMI | 1.5% (0.0%–5.5%) | 5.5% (0.0%–10.6%) | < 0.0001 |
| Nutritional status at diagnosis | |||
| Normal | 64 (66.7%) | 84 (52.8%) | 0.0010 |
| Moderate undernutrition | 22 (22.9%) | 28 (17.6%) | |
| Severe undernutrition | 10 (10.4%) | 47 (29.6%) | |
| Follow-up | |||
| Follow-up duration after diagnosis (yrs) | 3.1 (1.8–4.3) | 2.7 (1.3–4.0) | 0.1173 |
| Patient survival | |||
| Death from all causes | 19 (19.8%) | 35 (22.0%) | 0.6741 |
| Time-to-death after diagnosis (yrs) | 0.9 (0.7–3.0) | 1.6 (0.8–2.5) | 0.5782 |
| Kidney transplant function | |||
| Returning to hemodialysis | 11 (11.5%) | 21 (13.2%) | 0.7031 |
| Time to resumption of hemodialysis after diagnosis (yrs) | 0.9 (0.2–1.4) | 1.0 (0.5–1.7) | 0.4991 |
BMI, body mass index; CNI, calcineurin inhibitor; IQR, interquartile range; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; MPA, mycophenolic acid.
Values are given as number (percentages) or median (IQR).