Table 1.
Primary characteristics of PPI + and PPI- health research studies 2000–2024 (n = 1000)
| Characteristics | Total | PPI + | PPI - | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | 1000 | 97 | 903 | |
| Journal type, n (%) | ||||
| Adult | 500 (50.0) | 63 (65.0) | 437 (48.4) | 0.002 |
| Pediatric | 500 (50.0) | 34 (35.0) | 466 (51.6) | |
| Study setting, n (%) | ||||
| Community | 170 (17.0) | 37 (38.1) | 133 (14.7) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital (in-patient, clinic, ED) | 568 (56.8) | 31 (32.0) | 537 (59.5) | |
| Primary Care | 114 (11.4) | 17 (17.5) | 97 (10.7) | |
| Population | 148 (14.8) | 12 (12.4) | 136 (15.1) | |
| Study design, n (%) | ||||
| Experimental | 562 (56.2) | 69 (71.1) | 493 (54.6) | < 0.001 |
| Observational | 407 (40.7) | 18 (18.6) | 389 (43.1) | |
| Qualitative | 31 (3.1) | 10 (10.3) | 21 (2.3) | |
| Multinational, yes, n (%) | 140 (14.0) | 4 (4.1) | 136 (15.1) | 0.003 |
| Research topic, n (%) | ||||
| Medical | 711 (71.1) | 58 (59.8) | 653 (72.3) | 0.08 |
| Public health | 136 (13.6) | 20 (20.6) | 116 (12.9) | |
| Allied health | 52 (5.2) | 8 (8.3) | 44 (4.9) | |
| Mental health | 54 (5.4) | 7 (7.2) | 47 (5.2) | |
| Surgical | 47 (4.7) | 4 (4.1) | 43 (4.8) | |
| Sample size, median (IQR) | 445 (133, 2189) | 632 (219, 2590) | 429 (127, 2179) | 0.05 |