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. 2026 Jul 24;2026:5350878. doi: 10.1155/anu/5350878

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Copyright © 2026 Wenjie Pan et al. Aquaculture Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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graphic file with name ANU-2026-5350878-g002.jpg — Dietary gallic acid (GA) reshapes gut microbial diversity and community composition in H. leucospilota. (A) Alpha‐diversity indices of the intestinal microbiome across treatments, including ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson. Boxplots show the median (center line), interquartile range (box), and range (whiskers), with points representing individual samples. (B) Venn diagrams showing shared and unique OTUs among groups. The upper panel compares the pooled GA treatments (GA) versus the control (Con), and the lower panel shows overlap among Con, GA1, GA2, and GA5. (C) Phylum‐level taxonomic composition of the intestinal microbiome across treatments. (D) Class‐level taxonomic composition of the intestinal microbiome across treatments. (E) Heatmap of genus‐level relative abundances across samples. Columns represent individual samples grouped by treatment and rows represent genera.

graphic file with name ANU-2026-5350878-g001.jpg — Dietary gallic acid (GA) reshapes gut microbial diversity and community composition in H. leucospilota. (A) Alpha‐diversity indices of the intestinal microbiome across treatments, including ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson. Boxplots show the median (center line), interquartile range (box), and range (whiskers), with points representing individual samples. (B) Venn diagrams showing shared and unique OTUs among groups. The upper panel compares the pooled GA treatments (GA) versus the control (Con), and the lower panel shows overlap among Con, GA1, GA2, and GA5. (C) Phylum‐level taxonomic composition of the intestinal microbiome across treatments. (D) Class‐level taxonomic composition of the intestinal microbiome across treatments. (E) Heatmap of genus‐level relative abundances across samples. Columns represent individual samples grouped by treatment and rows represent genera.