Skip to main content
. 2026 Jul 10;12:e79418. doi: 10.2196/79418

Table 2.

Multinomial regression analysis comparing attitudinal clusters in distance education.

Clusters and predictors Estimate SE Wilcoxon Z P value ORa (95% CI)
Enthusiastic (47/ 217 , 21.66%) –hesitant (41/ 217 , 18.89%)

Intercept -5.07 2.35 -2.16 .03 0.01 (0.00-0.63)

Digital_experience 0.1 0.07 1.38 .17 1.11 (0.96-1.28)

Digital_competenceb 0.22 0.07 3.22 .001 1.25 (1.09-1.43)

Training_year 0.09 0.14 0.65 .52 1.1 (0.83-1.46)

Sex


Male–female 0.5 0.58 0.86 .39 1.65 (0.52-5.19)

Workplace


University clinic– nonuniversity clinic -0.6 0.48 -1.24 .21 0.55 (0.21-1.41)

GDPc (US $1000)b -0.03 0.01 -2.44 .02 0.97 (0.95-0.99)

Age (years) 0.03 0.07 0.38 .70 1.03 (0.89-1.19)
Supportive (129/ 217 , 59.45%) –hesitant (41/ 217 , 18.89%)

Intercept -0.45 1.9 -0.24 .81 0.64 (0.02-26.52)

Digital_experience 0 0.06 0.02 .99 1 (0.89-1.12)

Digital_competenceb 0.18 0.06 3.07 .002 1.19 (1.07-1.33)

Training_year 0.11 0.12 0.93 .35 1.11 (0.89-1.39)

Sex


Male–female 0 0.42 0.01 .99 1 (0.44-2.29)

Workplace


University clinic–nonuniversity clinic -0.39 0.39 -1.01 .31 0.67 (0.31-1.45)

GDP_(US $1000) 0 0.01 0.04 .97 1 (0.98-1.02)
  Age (years) -0.04 0.06 -0.66 .51 0.96 (0.85-1.08)
Enthusiastic (47/ 217 , 21.66%) –supportive (129/ 217 , 59.45%)

Intercept -4.62 1.78 -2.60 .009 0.01 (0.00-0.32)

Digital_experience 0.10 0.06 1.75 .08 1.11 (0.99-1.24)

Digital_competence 0.05 0.05 0.94 .35 1.05 (0.95-1.16)

Training_year -0.01 0.11 -0.12 .91 0.99 (0.79-1.23)

Sex


Male–female 0.50 0.49 1.02 .31 1.64 (0.63-4.28)

Workplace


University clinic–nonuniversity clinic -0.21 0.37 -0.56 .58 0.81 (0.39-1.69)

GDP (US $1000)b -0.03 0.01 -3.02 .003 0.97 (0.95-0.99)

Age (years) 0.07 0.06 1.23 .22 1.07 (0.96-1.19)

aOR: odds ratio.

bDenotes statistically significant values.

cGDP: gross domestic product.