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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1854234. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1854234

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Copyright © 2026 Liang, Griškova-Bulanova, Xiao, Zhao, Hou, Ren, Zhu, Truskauskaitė, Xiao and Rukšėnas.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph comparing EtCO2 (mmHg) during five minutes of breathing exercise followed by three minutes of rest for mindful breathing versus Liuzijue breathing, showing higher and more stable EtCO2 with mindful breathing, and significant decreases during Liuzijue breathing; double asterisks indicate statistically significant differences at several time points. — The results of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO₂).