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. 2026 Jul 13;13:1878351. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1878351

Table 6.

Multi-model augmentation comparison on the CEUS domain-shift test.

Backbone Augmentation CEUS Dice CEUS IoU CEUS Boundary F1 CEUS HD95 (px) CEUS Pixel ECE
U-Net Standard 0.439 (0.162) 0.296 (0.141) 0.024 (0.028) 202.2 (66.0) 0.374 (0.114)
U-Net Combined 0.469 (0.201) 0.328 (0.170) 0.051 (0.032) 199.4 (63.4) 0.273 (0.135)
Residual U-Net Standard 0.468 (0.190) 0.326 (0.167) 0.037 (0.035) 199.7 (65.2) 0.314 (0.143)
Residual U-Net Combined 0.476 (0.192) 0.334 (0.171) 0.041 (0.032) 197.6 (64.4) 0.297 (0.138)
Attention U-Net Standard 0.429 (0.175) 0.289 (0.146) 0.035 (0.028) 204.5 (65.9) 0.328 (0.132)
Attention U-Net Combined 0.477 (0.177) 0.331 (0.156) 0.038 (0.022) 197.0 (62.9) 0.257 (0.136)