Table 3.
Reliability analysis of the three scales.
| Survey | Items | Corrected item–total correlation | Cronbach's alpha if item deleted | Cronbach's alpha |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | Feeling emotionally depressed or persistently low. | 0.670 | 0.899 | 0.909 |
| Frequently experiencing poor sleep at night and awakening from nightmares. | 0.700 | 0.898 | ||
| Lacking interest in daily life and perceiving life as meaningless. | 0.714 | 0.897 | ||
| Often feeling lonely, isolated, and without social support. | 0.690 | 0.898 | ||
| Becoming more easily irritated and prone to anger. | 0.604 | 0.903 | ||
| Experiencing a low mood upon waking in the morning or after sleep. | 0.745 | 0.895 | ||
| Reluctance to accept new things and difficulty learning unfamiliar content. | 0.477 | 0.911 | ||
| Frequently feeling restless or inexplicably uneasy. | 0.729 | 0.896 | ||
| Experiencing heightened anxiety and fear regarding aging, illness, and death, and feeling distressed by others' remarks about aging. | 0.709 | 0.897 | ||
| Often feeling fatigued without an identifiable cause. | 0.676 | 0.899 | ||
| b | Emotions are difficult to regulate and are easily disrupted by external stimuli. | 0.697 | 0.850 | 0.874 |
| When facing difficulties, there is no one available to provide support. | 0.724 | 0.845 | ||
| I frequently experience an accelerated heartbeat. | 0.648 | 0.858 | ||
| Younger family members tend to avoid me and show limited emotional closeness. | 0.634 | 0.860 | ||
| I am unable to maintain positive interpersonal relationships with others. | 0.641 | 0.859 | ||
| I perceive the home environment as emotionally cold and lacking vitality. | 0.718 | 0.846 | ||
| c | Frequently experiences an accelerated heartbeat. | 0.722 | 0.915 | 0.923 |
| Emotional states feel difficult to regulate and are noticeably influenced by external stimuli. | 0.764 | 0.911 | ||
| Perceives the environment as unsafe and worries about potential risks in everyday life. | 0.791 | 0.909 | ||
| Often experiences poor sleep quality at night and awakens from nightmares. | 0.747 | 0.913 | ||
| Frequently feels unexplained worry over minor or trivial matters. | 0.722 | 0.916 | ||
| Regularly experiences a sense of restlessness or unease without an obvious cause. | 0.826 | 0.905 | ||
| Feels tense and fearful when confronting issues of aging, illness, and death, and is apprehensive about being perceived by others as old. | 0.750 | 0.913 |