Table 4.
Structural validity analysis of the three scales.
| Survey | Items | Factor loading coefficient | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| a | Feeling emotionally depressed or persistently low in mood | 0.298 | 0.388 | 0.591 |
| Becoming more easily irritated and prone to losing temper | 0.247 | 0.276 | 0.699 | |
| Perceiving daily life as inconvenient and lacking privacy | 0.240 | 0.364 | 0.550 | |
| Occasionally making mistakes but refusing to acknowledge them due to concerns about self-esteem | 0.179 | 0.172 | 0.781 | |
| Engaging in conflicts with family members and placing strong emphasis on right and wrong | 0.169 | 0.120 | 0.791 | |
| Tending to interpret situations pessimistically | 0.307 | 0.140 | 0.702 | |
| Being reluctant to accept new things and experiencing difficulty in learning unfamiliar skills | 0.136 | 0.225 | 0.609 | |
| b | Frequently feels lonely, isolated, and without support. | 0.294 | 0.646 | 0.336 |
| Younger family members often avoid interaction and show little closeness. | 0.231 | 0.783 | 0.163 | |
| Shows limited interest in daily life and perceives life as lacking meaning. | 0.369 | 0.716 | 0.198 | |
| Experiences low mood upon waking in the morning or after sleep. | 0.396 | 0.652 | 0.296 | |
| Frequently feels fatigued without an apparent cause. | 0.538 | 0.408 | 0.299 | |
| Feels that no one provides assistance when difficulties arise. | 0.378 | 0.640 | 0.280 | |
| Is unable to maintain positive interpersonal relationships. | 0.276 | 0.654 | 0.252 | |
| Perceives the home environment as quiet and emotionally cold. | 0.332 | 0.670 | 0.231 | |
| c | Frequently experiences an accelerated heartbeat. | 0.683 | 0.328 | 0.232 |
| Emotional states are difficult to regulate and are noticeably influenced by external stimuli. | 0.699 | 0.313 | 0.333 | |
| Often perceives the environment as unsafe and worries about potential dangers in everyday life. | 0.733 | 0.354 | 0.223 | |
| Regularly experiences poor sleep at night and awakens from nightmares. | 0.683 | 0.403 | 0.185 | |
| Frequently feels unexplained anxiety over minor or trivial matters. | 0.776 | 0.158 | 0.271 | |
| Often experiences a persistent sense of restlessness without an identifiable cause. | 0.793 | 0.320 | 0.208 | |
| Feels pronounced tension or fear regarding aging, illness, and death, and is sensitive to others describing them as old. | 0.656 | 0.399 | 0.251 | |
| Eigenvalue | 5.050 | 4.672 | 4.220 | |
| Variance explained | 22.956 | 21.236 | 19.181 | |
| Cumulative variance explained | 22.956 | 44.192 | 63.374 | |
| KMO values | 0.959 | |||
| Bartlett's test of sphericity | 7,398.024 | |||
| Sig. | 0.000 | |||
Bold values indicate the highest factor loading for each item and identify the factor on which the item primarily loads.