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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1817587. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2026.1817587

Table 2.

General characteristics of the randomized controlled trails included in the clinical outcomes analyses.

Study Country Sperm preparation techniques outcomes ART treatment
Dodson et al., (37) United States DGC and SU Clinical pregnancy (per cycle) IUI
Carrell et al., (38) United States DGC and SU Clinical miscarriage rate and live birth rate (per cycle) IUI
Troya et al., (39) Peru DGC and combination of MACS and DGC Clinical pregnancy and clinical miscarriage rate ICSI
Ozaltin et al., (40) Turkey DGC and MFSS (Fertile chip) Clinical pregnancy, clinical miscarriage rate and live birth rate ICSI
Ravina et al., (41) Spain DGC and combination of MACS and DGC Clinical pregnancy, clinical miscarriage rate and live birth rate IUI
Romany et al., (42) Spain SU and MACS +SU Clinical pregnancy and live birth rate ICSI
Mei et al., (43) China DGC-SU and DGC-SU + MACS Fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy and live birth rate ICSI
Anbari et al., (44) Iran SU and MFSS Fertilization rate, implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate ICSI
Hozyen et al., (36) Egypt DGC and combination of MACS and DGC Clinical pregnancy, implantation rate and clinical miscarriage rate ICSI
Godiwala et al., (23) United States DGC and MFSS (Fertile chip) Clinical pregnancy, clinical miscarriage rate and live birth rate ICSI
Yetkinel et al., (45) Turkey SU and MFSS (Fertile chip) Clinical pregnancy and live birth rate ICSI
Duong et al., (46) Vietnam DGC and SU Clinical pregnancy, miscarriage rate and live birth rate IUI
Yildiz et al., (35) Turkey DGC and MFSS (Fertile chip) Clinical pregnancy and fertilization rate ICSI
Ziarati et al., (47) Iran DGC and combination of MACS and DGC Clinical pregnancy and live birth rate ICSI

DG C, density gradient centrifugation; SU, Swim-Up; DGC-SU, Swim-Up after DGC; MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting; MFSS, Microfluidic sperm sorting; IUI, Intrauterine Insemination ICSI, Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection.