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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1864078. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1864078

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Copyright © 2026 Wang, Lyu, Ding, Gao and Deng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating a patient selection process for colorectal cancer resection outcomes from August 2020 to April 2022, detailing exclusions, inclusion, rates of severe complications, and subsequent statistical analysis and validation steps. — STROBE flow diagram of patient screening, exclusions and the final analytic cohort.