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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1864078. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1864078

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Copyright © 2026 Wang, Lyu, Ding, Gao and Deng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A displays a calibration plot comparing predicted probability to observed frequency with a dashed ideal line and blue dots showing observed deciles, indicating slope equals one point zero zero, intercept negative zero point zero zero, and HL p equals zero point seventy-two. Panel B presents a decision curve analysis line graph, showing net benefit versus threshold probability, with separate curves for the nomogram model, treat all, and treat none. — Internal validation of the nomogram. (A) Calibration plot of predicted versus observed risk of severe complications (deciles, with 95% CI; Hosmer–Lemeshow P = 0.72). (B) Decision-curve analysis showing net benefit of the model versus treat-all and treat-none strategies.