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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1864078. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1864078

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Copyright © 2026 Wang, Lyu, Ding, Gao and Deng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Heatmap showing p-values for associations between six risk factors (ASA ≥ III, age > 65 years, NRS2002 ≥ 2, nadir albumin POD2 < 28.5 g/L, preoperative albumin < 35 g/L, rocuronium ≥ 117.5 mg) and seven outcomes (severe complications, overall complications, CCI, first flatus, first bowel movement, total hospital stay, 30-day mortality, SSI). Color scale ranges from blue (low p-value) to red (high p-value), indicating significance levels. — Heatmap of p-values for risk factors associated with surgical outcomes.