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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1659738. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1659738

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Copyright © 2026 Pardini, Garnhartner, Vogel and Bachmann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration of an influenza virus structure labeled with HA, NA, M2, M1, NP, viral envelope, and vRNA components, depicting the arrangement of surface proteins, inner membrane, and viral genomic RNA segments. — Influenza A virus. The negative-sense influenza A RNA virus image with the eight single-stranded RNA segments (vRNA) is shown. The three largest vRNA segments each encode for the RNA polymerases (PB1, PB2, and PA), which are responsible for replication within the cell through RNA synthesis. The remaining five vRNA strands encode for the haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix proteins 1 and 2 (M1, M2), and nucleoprotein (NP) (as well as the nuclear export protein, which is not shown here). The image was created using BioRender.com.