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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1845916. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1845916

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Qin, Wang, Wu, Zhang, Fang, Zhao, Yao and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary table and bar charts for fifteen studies, displaying patient selection, index test, reference standard, and flow and timing. Each cell uses color-coded circles: red for high risk, yellow for unclear risk, green for low risk, showing mostly low risks and low applicability concerns, with a few unclear and high ratings. Legends and bar charts quantify the distribution across categories, indicating that most studies have low risk and low applicability concerns. — Quality assessment of included studies based on QUADAS-2 tool criteria.