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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1845916. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1845916

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Qin, Wang, Wu, Zhang, Fang, Zhao, Yao and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphic showing two panels. Left: a Fagan nomogram relates pre-test probability, likelihood ratios, and post-test probability using lines for positive and negative test results. Right: a scatter plot visualizing summary positive and negative likelihood ratios with confidence intervals for index tests, annotated quadrants indicating exclusion and confirmation capabilities, and a diamond marker summarizing the main result. — Fagan nomogram and likelihood ratio scatter plot. The left panel shows a Fagan nomogram. The right panel is a Fagan nomogram illustrating the post-test probabilities corresponding to positive and negative test results when the pre-test probability is 50%.