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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1845916. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2026.1845916

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Copyright © 2026 Zhang, Qin, Wang, Wu, Zhang, Fang, Zhao, Yao and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot comparing sensitivity and specificity with 95 percent confidence intervals for fifteen studies, each labeled by author and year, with pooled sensitivity estimated at zero point nine three and specificity at zero point nine zero, both with high heterogeneity indicated by I-squared values above ninety-seven percent. — Forest plot of sensitivity and specificity with 95%CI of included studies.