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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1887582. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887582

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Copyright © 2026 Yang, Guo and Luo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot of the influence-adjusted multilevel meta-analysis including 29 studies and 34 effect sizes. Purple points and horizontal lines represent study-level estimates and 95% confidence intervals. The pooled standardized mean difference is −0.88 (95% CI, −1.18 to −0.58), favoring traditional Chinese mind–body exercise. The green dashed line above represents the 95% prediction interval, ranging from −2.46 to 0.70. — Forest plot of the effects of traditional Chinese mind–body exercises on depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. The model included 29 studies and 34 effect sizes. SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval; I², heterogeneity statistic. Statistical significance was defined as a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) that did not include zero; k indicates the number of effect sizes rather than the number of independent trials.