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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1887582. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887582

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Copyright © 2026 Yang, Guo and Luo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scatterplot with a fitted line and shaded confidence region shows the dose-response relationship between total exercise dose in hours and standardized mean difference in depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults. Data points are spread along the x-axis, with lower SMD values indicating stronger intervention effects. The optimal dose of 118.2 hours yields a minimum SMD of negative 1.133, and most data points cluster below zero SMD. Vertical dashed lines mark the optimal and confidence interval boundaries. — Multilevel meta-regression analyses of potential study-level moderators. Each point represents an individual effect size. (A–D) show continuous moderators with fitted regression lines and 95% CIs, while (E–I) show categorical moderators. β and p-values indicate the estimated moderator effect and its statistical significance, respectively.