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. 2026 Jul 13;11:1799499. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2026.1799499

Table 2.

Estimates from ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models of intergenerational income elasticity (IGE) on migration measures.

Independent variables Model 1 Model 1 (standardized coefficient) Model 2 Model 2 (standardized coefficient)
Constant 0.379**
(0.023)
0.356**
(0.023)
Proportion of immigrants (primary educated) 0.036 0.027 0.067 0.050
(0.174) (0.171)
Proportion of emigrants −1.847**
(0.522)
−0.323
Proportion of emigrants (tertiary educated) −1.014*
(0.464)
−0.265
Fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
R 2 0.454 0.434
Adjusted R2 0.336 0.311
Observations 130 130

Intergenerational income elasticity (IGE) is the dependent variable in all models. Model 1 includes the proportion of immigrants (primary educated) and the proportion of emigrants as independent variables. Model 2 includes the proportion of immigrants (primary educated) and the proportion of emigrants (tertiary educated). Standardized coefficients are reported in adjacent columns for each model. All models include fixed effects for publication. Fixed-effects are not country-specific but rather refer to the publication that provided the value of the dependent variable. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses, which allow for intragroup correlation within publications. Replication data include the country, source publication, IGE estimate, DIOC migration variables, and publication identifier used for fixed effects and clustered standard errors.

**Significant at p < 0.01. *Significant at p < 0.05.

Intergenerational income elasticity is from a series of previously published studies (Amaral et al., 2019). Proportion of immigrants and proportion of emigrants are from the Database on Immigrants in OECD and non-OECD Countries (DIOC) for reference years 2000–2001 (https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/dioc.htm).