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. 2026 Jul 13;16:1809955. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1809955

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Copyright © 2026 Lu, Li, Zhan, Huang, Huang, Jiang, Ji, Wang, Chen, Fu, Wei and Jiang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Six-panel flow cytometry dot plot showing distributions of cell populations using various markers. Each panel compares two markers on a logarithmic scale, with colored gates outlining specific populations, including green for lymphocytes and black for populations of interest. Axes are labeled by marker and fluorochrome. — Aberrant surface immunophenotype of plasma cells detected by flow cytometry. The black cell population within gate P1 represents aberrant plasma cells expressing CD38 and CD138, but negative for CD19, CD20, and CD56 (cytoplasmic κ and λ staining results are shown in Figure 3A).