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. 2026 Jul 13;17:1843796. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1843796

Figure 2.

Three panels present molecular analysis results. Panel a shows three Venn diagrams summarizing gene overlaps at different time points for IFN-γ/LPS, IL10, and Sec-HepG2 treatments, each with labeled segment counts and percentages. Panel b features three volcano plots depicting gene expression changes at 24 hours for each treatment, highlighting upregulated (red) and downregulated (blue) genes. Panel c displays three line graphs representing ranked gene set enrichment scores for signaling pathways at 24 hours, with color-coded pathway labels and enrichment statistics detailed in the legends beneath each graph.

In vitro polarization of human macrophages over time reveals stimulus and time-specific differences in gene expression. (A) Venn diagram of differentially expressed genes (FDR<0.05, log2FC<-1 & >1) at 6 h, 24 h, and 48 h in IFN_LPS (left), IL10 (center), and Sec-HepG2 (right) vs. M-CSF control as detected by RNA-seq data sets. (B) Volcano-plot representing genes differentially expressed at 24 h in INF-γ_LPS (left), IL10 (center), and Sec-HepG2 (right) vs. M-CSF control. Red and blue dots mark the genes with significantly increased (right) or decreased (left) expression (p< 0.05), respectively. The red line is set to a p-value of 0.05. (C) GSEA plots of DGE for IFN-γ_LPS (left), IL10 (center), and Sec-HepG2 (right) vs M-CSF macrophages at 24 h.